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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-NDNature Communications

Printable grayscale nano-template for full-colour organic light-emitting diode near-eye displays with 3D achromatic metalenses

  • Youngsun Jeon1
  • C. G. Park1
  • Junhwa Seong1
  • Junsuk Rho2,3,4,5,6
6 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
  2. 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea. [email protected]
  3. 3Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea. [email protected]
  4. 4Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea. [email protected]
  5. 5National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, Republic of Korea. [email protected]
  6. 6POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, Republic of Korea. [email protected]
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Abstract

Achromatic metalenses are essential for enabling compact, full-color imaging systems in augmented and virtual reality displays. Here, we present printable 3D achromatic metalenses using grayscale electron beam lithography (EBL) and dry etching-based height-encoded nano-template. By integrating nanoimprint lithography (NIL) from a nano-template without a soft mold, we realize high fidelity and throughput of 3D achromatic metalenses. The imprinted 3D meta-atoms provide controllable height diversity, introducing an additional degree of freedom for phase engineering even on a low-index resin platform. We design the metalens using a library-based phase-matching, where precomputed electromagnetic responses are used to select meta-atoms that best reproduce the hyperbolic phase simultaneously at RGB wavelengths. Our 3D achromatic metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.31 achieves diffraction-limited focusing at the same focal length across RGB wavelengths. The measured focusing efficiencies are 14.8%, 11.3%, and 12.3% at 450, 532, and 635 nm, respectively. As a proof of concept, we apply our 3D achromatic metalenses to a VR imaging platform, achieving a full-colour image. This work highlights grayscale EBL and NIL as a critical solution for achieving both aberration-free performance and scalable production, paving the way for next-generation compact and full-colour meta-optics.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{jeon2026printable,
  title = {{Printable grayscale nano-template for full-colour organic light-emitting diode near-eye displays with 3D achromatic metalenses}},
  author = {Youngsun Jeon and C. G. Park and Junhwa Seong and Junsuk Rho},
  journal = {Nature Communications},
  year = {2026},
  month = jun,
  doi = {10.1038/s41467-026-73940-1},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73940-1},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Printable grayscale nano-template for full-colour organic light-emitting diode near-eye displays with 3D achromatic metalenses
AU  - Youngsun Jeon
AU  - C. G. Park
AU  - Junhwa Seong
AU  - Junsuk Rho
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/01
JO  - Nature Communications
DO  - 10.1038/s41467-026-73940-1
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-73940-1
AB  - Achromatic metalenses are essential for enabling compact, full-color imaging systems in augmented and virtual reality displays. Here, we present printable 3D achromatic metalenses using grayscale electron beam lithography (EBL) and dry etching-based height-encoded nano-template. By integrating nanoimprint lithography (NIL) from a nano-template without a soft mold, we realize high fidelity and throughput of 3D achromatic metalenses. The imprinted 3D meta-atoms provide controllable height diversity, introducing an additional degree of freedom for phase engineering even on a low-index resin platform. We design the metalens using a library-based phase-matching, where precomputed electromagnetic responses are used to select meta-atoms that best reproduce the hyperbolic phase simultaneously at RGB wavelengths. Our 3D achromatic metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.31 achieves diffraction-limited focusing at the same focal length across RGB wavelengths. The measured focusing efficiencies are 14.8%, 11.3%, and 12.3% at 450, 532, and 635 nm, respectively. As a proof of concept, we apply our 3D achromatic metalenses to a VR imaging platform, achieving a full-colour image. This work highlights grayscale EBL and NIL as a critical solution for achieving both aberration-free performance and scalable production, paving the way for next-generation compact and full-colour meta-optics.
SN  - 2041-1723
ER  -