Longitudinal Validity of the DUNDRUM-1 Triage Security Scale in a Canadian Not Criminally Responsible Cohort: A Retrospective Study of 85 Patients.
5 affiliations
- 1Département de psychiatrie et d'addictologie, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
- 2Department of Psychiatry, Forensic Psychiatry Service, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- 3Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- 4Centre de recherche en pédagogie de la santé, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
- 5Département de psychiatrie, Institut national de psychiatrie légale Philippe-Pinel, Montréal, Canada.
Abstract
ObjectiveTo evaluate the longitudinal stability of DUNDRUM-1 Triage Security Scale recommendations among individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) receiving care within a Canadian forensic psychiatric service.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults found NCRMD who received a DUNDRUM-1 assessment at a tertiary academic forensic psychiatric centre in Quebec between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2024. Eligible participants were aged ≥18 years and had a minimum of 12 months of follow-up. Demographic, forensic, and clinical variables were extracted from electronic medical records. Primary outcomes included changes in level of therapeutic security within 12 months. Secondary outcomes included psychiatric rehospitalization and transitions across DUNDRUM security categories. Descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and exploratory logistic regression analyses were performed.ResultsEighty-five individuals met inclusion criteria. The cohort was predominantly male (91.8%) with a mean age of 39.0 years (SD = 11.9). Schizophrenia spectrum disorders were the most common primary diagnosis (83.5%), while substance-related disorders (74.1%) and personality disorders (49.4%) were frequent comorbidities. Initial DUNDRUM recommendations included low security (56.5%), medium security (35.3%), open settings (4.7%), and maximum security (3.5%). Overall, 72 participants (84.7%) remained within their initially recommended level of care over 12 months, while 13 (15.3%) required a change in therapeutic security. Psychiatric rehospitalization occurred in 12 participants (14.1%). Exploratory analyses identified the mean violence-related DUNDRUM score as the only significant predictor of changes in level of care (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.03-8.00, p = .043). In exploratory random forest analysis, SHapley Additive exPlanations ranked the mean violence-related DUNDRUM-1 score as the most influential model feature.ConclusionsDUNDRUM-1 recommendations demonstrated substantial longitudinal stability within this Canadian NCRMD cohort, supporting the ecological validity of the instrument and highlighting the potential importance of violence-related domains in predicting medium-term forensic outcomes.
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BibTeX
@article{hudon2026longitudinal,
title = {{Longitudinal Validity of the DUNDRUM-1 Triage Security Scale in a Canadian Not Criminally Responsible Cohort: A Retrospective Study of 85 Patients.}},
author = {Alexandre Hudon and Fanie Chainey and Catherine Degré and Anne-Renée Courtemanche and Marc-André Meunier and Allyson Fortier and Camille Bourque and Loriane Boulé and Vincent Latreille and Sophie Mongeon and Jeanne-Marie Allard and Stéphanie Borduas Pagé},
journal = {Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1177/07067437261497471},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42873666},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Longitudinal Validity of the DUNDRUM-1 Triage Security Scale in a Canadian Not Criminally Responsible Cohort: A Retrospective Study of 85 Patients.
AU - Alexandre Hudon
AU - Fanie Chainey
AU - Catherine Degré
AU - Anne-Renée Courtemanche
AU - Marc-André Meunier
AU - Allyson Fortier
AU - Camille Bourque
AU - Loriane Boulé
AU - Vincent Latreille
AU - Sophie Mongeon
AU - Jeanne-Marie Allard
AU - Stéphanie Borduas Pagé
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/14
JO - Canadian journal of psychiatry. Revue canadienne de psychiatrie
DO - 10.1177/07067437261497471
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42873666
AB - ObjectiveTo evaluate the longitudinal stability of DUNDRUM-1 Triage Security Scale recommendations among individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCRMD) receiving care within a Canadian forensic psychiatric service.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of adults found NCRMD who received a DUNDRUM-1 assessment at a tertiary academic forensic psychiatric centre in Quebec between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2024. Eligible participants were aged ≥18 years and had a minimum of 12 months of follow-up. Demographic, forensic, and clinical variables were extracted from electronic medical records. Primary outcomes included changes in level of therapeutic security within 12 months. Secondary outcomes included psychiatric rehospitalization and transitions across DUNDRUM security categories. Descriptive statistics, Fisher's exact tests, Mann-Whitney U tests, and exploratory logistic regression analyses were performed.ResultsEighty-five individuals met inclusion criteria. The cohort was predominantly male (91.8%) with a mean age of 39.0 years (SD = 11.9). Schizophrenia spectrum disorders were the most common primary diagnosis (83.5%), while substance-related disorders (74.1%) and personality disorders (49.4%) were frequent comorbidities. Initial DUNDRUM recommendations included low security (56.5%), medium security (35.3%), open settings (4.7%), and maximum security (3.5%). Overall, 72 participants (84.7%) remained within their initially recommended level of care over 12 months, while 13 (15.3%) required a change in therapeutic security. Psychiatric rehospitalization occurred in 12 participants (14.1%). Exploratory analyses identified the mean violence-related DUNDRUM score as the only significant predictor of changes in level of care (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.03-8.00, p = .043). In exploratory random forest analysis, SHapley Additive exPlanations ranked the mean violence-related DUNDRUM-1 score as the most influential model feature.ConclusionsDUNDRUM-1 recommendations demonstrated substantial longitudinal stability within this Canadian NCRMD cohort, supporting the ecological validity of the instrument and highlighting the potential importance of violence-related domains in predicting medium-term forensic outcomes.
SN - 0706-7437
SN - 1497-0015
ER -