Develop and Optimize 5DCT Imaging Simulation and Reconstruction Methods

Abstract

Purpose: To develop and optimize a 5DCT (3D + cardiac phase + respiratory phase) imaging simulation and reconstruction pipeline, and to compare two sinogram-space interpolation methods for reconstructing images at arbitrary combinations of cardiac and respiratory phase. Methods: Helical CT projections were simulated from the 4D XCAT phantom across a range of cardiac and respiratory motion states, with Poisson and electronic noise added. Ground-truth-matched volumes were generated at 5 cardiac phases and 10 respiratory amplitudes (50 total phase combinations). Because acquired projections are sparsely and unevenly distributed across this joint phase space, each target slice was reconstructed by interpolating rebinned sinogram rows to the target cardiac phase and respiratory amplitude, using either 2D scattered barycentric interpolation or 2D scattered local linear interpolation with a circular kernel for cardiac phase. Reconstructed volumes were compared to phantom ground truth using mean absolute error (MAE), and to conventional respiratory-gated 4DCT (r4DCT) reconstructed from the same simulated data. Results: Both interpolation methods eliminated the severe axial misalignment artifacts present when helical projections were reconstructed without phase-space interpolation. Local linear interpolation achieved lower MAE than barycentric interpolation across most tested conditions, with the largest improvement at low pitch. The 5DCT pipeline also produced respiratory-only volumes with fewer residual cardiac-motion artifacts than conventional r4DCT reconstructed from the same projection data, including at standard clinical pitch (0.1). Conclusions: 5DCT reconstruction using sinogram-space interpolation is feasible and can jointly resolve cardiac and respiratory motion with better accuracy than conventional 4DCT reconstruction.

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BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{wang2026develop,
  title = {{Develop and Optimize 5DCT Imaging Simulation and Reconstruction Methods}},
  author = {Yuhao Wang and Zhendong Zhang and Edward Robert Criscuolo and John Ginn and Ke Lu and Yao Hao and Deshan Yang},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.09455},
  eprint = {2609.09455},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.09455},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Develop and Optimize 5DCT Imaging Simulation and Reconstruction Methods
AU  - Yuhao Wang
AU  - Zhendong Zhang
AU  - Edward Robert Criscuolo
AU  - John Ginn
AU  - Ke Lu
AU  - Yao Hao
AU  - Deshan Yang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/08
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.09455
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.09455
AB  - Purpose: To develop and optimize a 5DCT (3D + cardiac phase + respiratory phase) imaging simulation and reconstruction pipeline, and to compare two sinogram-space interpolation methods for reconstructing images at arbitrary combinations of cardiac and respiratory phase. Methods: Helical CT projections were simulated from the 4D XCAT phantom across a range of cardiac and respiratory motion states, with Poisson and electronic noise added. Ground-truth-matched volumes were generated at 5 cardiac phases and 10 respiratory amplitudes (50 total phase combinations). Because acquired projections are sparsely and unevenly distributed across this joint phase space, each target slice was reconstructed by interpolating rebinned sinogram rows to the target cardiac phase and respiratory amplitude, using either 2D scattered barycentric interpolation or 2D scattered local linear interpolation with a circular kernel for cardiac phase. Reconstructed volumes were compared to phantom ground truth using mean absolute error (MAE), and to conventional respiratory-gated 4DCT (r4DCT) reconstructed from the same simulated data. Results: Both interpolation methods eliminated the severe axial misalignment artifacts present when helical projections were reconstructed without phase-space interpolation. Local linear interpolation achieved lower MAE than barycentric interpolation across most tested conditions, with the largest improvement at low pitch. The 5DCT pipeline also produced respiratory-only volumes with fewer residual cardiac-motion artifacts than conventional r4DCT reconstructed from the same projection data, including at standard clinical pitch (0.1). Conclusions: 5DCT reconstruction using sinogram-space interpolation is feasible and can jointly resolve cardiac and respiratory motion with better accuracy than conventional 4DCT reconstruction.
ER  -

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