Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Across Female Genital Mutilation Types in Somalia: An Exploratory Analysis at a Tertiary Referral Hospital
6 affiliations
- 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mogadishu Somali–Türkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
- 2Somali Obstetrics and Gynecology Association (SOGA), Mogadishu, Somalia
- 3Department of Emergency Medicine, Mogadishu Somali–Türkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
- 4Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Hormuud University, Mogadishu, Somalia
- 5Department of Anesthesia and Reanimation, Mogadishu Somali–Türkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
- 6Department of Cardiology, Mogadishu Somali–Türkiye Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia
Abstract
Background: Type-specific evidence on maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with female genital mutilation (FGM) in Somalia remains limited. We explored selected outcomes in a tertiary referral hospital.
Methods: This exploratory analysis used prospectively collected data from 30 May 2022 through January 2026. Recruitment depended on specialist obstetricians being available or on duty. FGM was assessed by genital examination at admission for delivery after consent. Planned elective cesarean deliveries were excluded. Of 371 cleaned episodes, 337 had documented FGM classification. Type IV was descriptive only. Binary logistic regression compared Types II and III with Type I, adjusting for age and parity, with additional gestational-age adjustment for the neonatal composite.
Results: The classified sample included 23 women without FGM, 60 with Type I, 139 with Type II, 110 with Type III, and five with Type IV. Cesarean delivery was numerically highest in Type II (35.3%); maternal/obstetric complications (19.4%) and stillbirth or early neonatal death (7.3%) were highest in Type III. No statistically significant global differences were detected for these outcomes. No statistically significant adjusted associations were detected for Type II or III vs Type I. In the neonatal logistic model, the adjusted odds ratio per additional gestational week was 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.64–0.82).
Conclusions: The selected outcomes showed no statistically significant adjusted associations for Types II or III compared with Type I. These exploratory findings do not establish equivalence or estimate FGM-associated risk relative to no FGM. Selection, imprecision, residual confounding, incomplete management data, and outcome-coding limitations constrain interpretation.
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BibTeX
@article{mohamud2026maternal,
title = {{Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Across Female Genital Mutilation Types in Somalia: An Exploratory Analysis at a Tertiary Referral Hospital}},
author = {Samira Ahmed Mohamud and Mohamed Mukhtar Mohamed and Ali Mohamed Yusuf and Kadri Tezel and Marian Ali Abdi and Ikran Abdirahman Yusuf and Said Abdirahman Ahmed},
journal = {International Journal of Women's Health},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.2147/ijwh.s650553},
url = {https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s650553},
note = {CC BY-NC 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes Across Female Genital Mutilation Types in Somalia: An Exploratory Analysis at a Tertiary Referral Hospital
AU - Samira Ahmed Mohamud
AU - Mohamed Mukhtar Mohamed
AU - Ali Mohamed Yusuf
AU - Kadri Tezel
AU - Marian Ali Abdi
AU - Ikran Abdirahman Yusuf
AU - Said Abdirahman Ahmed
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/01
JO - International Journal of Women's Health
DO - 10.2147/ijwh.s650553
UR - https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s650553
AB - Background: Type-specific evidence on maternal and neonatal outcomes associated with female genital mutilation (FGM) in Somalia remains limited. We explored selected outcomes in a tertiary referral hospital. Methods: This exploratory analysis used prospectively collected data from 30 May 2022 through January 2026. Recruitment depended on specialist obstetricians being available or on duty. FGM was assessed by genital examination at admission for delivery after consent. Planned elective cesarean deliveries were excluded. Of 371 cleaned episodes, 337 had documented FGM classification. Type IV was descriptive only. Binary logistic regression compared Types II and III with Type I, adjusting for age and parity, with additional gestational-age adjustment for the neonatal composite. Results: The classified sample included 23 women without FGM, 60 with Type I, 139 with Type II, 110 with Type III, and five with Type IV. Cesarean delivery was numerically highest in Type II (35.3%); maternal/obstetric complications (19.4%) and stillbirth or early neonatal death (7.3%) were highest in Type III. No statistically significant global differences were detected for these outcomes. No statistically significant adjusted associations were detected for Type II or III vs Type I. In the neonatal logistic model, the adjusted odds ratio per additional gestational week was 0.73 (95% confidence interval 0.64–0.82). Conclusions: The selected outcomes showed no statistically significant adjusted associations for Types II or III compared with Type I. These exploratory findings do not establish equivalence or estimate FGM-associated risk relative to no FGM. Selection, imprecision, residual confounding, incomplete management data, and outcome-coding limitations constrain interpretation.
SN - 1179-1411
ER -