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Peer-reviewedCC BYApplied Sciences

Study on Dual-Mode Instability Characteristics of Layered Snow Slabs Under Different Loading Angles

  • Kexin Wang1
  • Liangfu Xie1
  • Yan Xu1
  • Caijin Wang2
  • Ruijia Yang3
  • Chuming Huang2
  1. 1Xinjiang Transportation Planning Survey and Design Institute Co., Ltd., Urumqi 830006, China
  2. 2College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830047, China
  3. 3School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Xinjiang Construction Vocational & Technical College, Urumqi 830054, China
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Abstract

Weak-layer failure plays an important role in layered snow-slab instability, but how loading-angle-induced changes in the balance between normal and shear loading affect damage evolution and failure behavior remains insufficiently understood. Informed by avalanche surveys along highways in Altay, Xinjiang, this study combines laboratory tests with PFC discrete element simulations to examine layered snow-slab responses at selected loading angles between 0° and 180°. The simulations show an asymmetric variation in mechanical response with loading angle. The low-angle conditions (0–45°) exhibit relatively high structural stiffness and load-bearing capacity. Under nominal shear loading at 90°, peak stress decreases to 1710 Pa, with a peak strain of approximately 0.014. Numerical AE events accumulate progressively under low-angle loading and increase more sharply near failure at 90°. At the particle scale, low-angle loading is associated with mixed compression–shear fractures and continued force-chain reorganization, whereas the 90° condition exhibits concentrated fracture activity and rapid degradation of the load-bearing network. These results identify progressive and abrupt instability characteristics under the model and loading conditions examined and provide insight into the influence of loading direction on failure in layered snow.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{wang2026study,
  title = {{Study on Dual-Mode Instability Characteristics of Layered Snow Slabs Under Different Loading Angles}},
  author = {Kexin Wang and Liangfu Xie and Yan Xu and Caijin Wang and Ruijia Yang and Chuming Huang},
  journal = {Applied Sciences},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/app162010314},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3390/app162010314},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Study on Dual-Mode Instability Characteristics of Layered Snow Slabs Under Different Loading Angles
AU  - Kexin Wang
AU  - Liangfu Xie
AU  - Yan Xu
AU  - Caijin Wang
AU  - Ruijia Yang
AU  - Chuming Huang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/26
JO  - Applied Sciences
DO  - 10.3390/app162010314
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3390/app162010314
AB  - Weak-layer failure plays an important role in layered snow-slab instability, but how loading-angle-induced changes in the balance between normal and shear loading affect damage evolution and failure behavior remains insufficiently understood. Informed by avalanche surveys along highways in Altay, Xinjiang, this study combines laboratory tests with PFC discrete element simulations to examine layered snow-slab responses at selected loading angles between 0° and 180°. The simulations show an asymmetric variation in mechanical response with loading angle. The low-angle conditions (0–45°) exhibit relatively high structural stiffness and load-bearing capacity. Under nominal shear loading at 90°, peak stress decreases to 1710 Pa, with a peak strain of approximately 0.014. Numerical AE events accumulate progressively under low-angle loading and increase more sharply near failure at 90°. At the particle scale, low-angle loading is associated with mixed compression–shear fractures and continued force-chain reorganization, whereas the 90° condition exhibits concentrated fracture activity and rapid degradation of the load-bearing network. These results identify progressive and abrupt instability characteristics under the model and loading conditions examined and provide insight into the influence of loading direction on failure in layered snow.
SN  - 2076-3417
ER  -