One-step anodization versus chronoamperometric electrodeposition for the fabrication of gold nanoparticle–TiO₂ nanotube nanocomposites for biosensing applications
Abstract
Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are attractive materials for electrochemical sensing owing to their high surface area and enhanced electron-transfer properties. In this study, AuNP/TNT nanocomposites were fabricated using two different approaches: one-step anodization and chronoamperometric electrodeposition. In the first approach, AuNPs were generated directly during TNTs anodization by introducing HAuCl₄ into the electrolyte at final concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the fabrication of AuNPs/TNTs through the direct incorporation of HAuCl₄ into the anodization electrolyte. In the second, AuNPs were deposited onto annealed TNTs (TNTs-A) by chronoamperometry at − 0.3, − 0.9, and − 1.2 V. The obtained materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, contact angle measurements, open-circuit potential measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Among the investigated samples, the nanocomposite fabricated by one-step anodization in the presence of 1 mM HAuCl₄ and subsequently annealed in argon atmosphere at 450 °C for 2 h exhibited a well-dispersed AuNPs distribution (25.97 ± 2.84 nm) and 30% and 34% reductions in impedance modulus and real impedance, respectively, compared with TNTs-A. Furthermore, this platform showed an enhanced electrochemical response toward hydrogen peroxide (0.1–0.5 mM) in the presence of thionine and horseradish peroxidase, exhibiting higher sensitivity and a lower detection limit (0.001 mM) than TNTs-A (0.003 mM).
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BibTeX
@article{paradowska2026onestep,
title = {{One-step anodization versus chronoamperometric electrodeposition for the fabrication of gold nanoparticle–TiO₂ nanotube nanocomposites for biosensing applications}},
author = {Ewa Paradowska and Katarzyna Arkusz and Dorota Genowefa Pijanowska},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-76015-9},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-76015-9},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - One-step anodization versus chronoamperometric electrodeposition for the fabrication of gold nanoparticle–TiO₂ nanotube nanocomposites for biosensing applications
AU - Ewa Paradowska
AU - Katarzyna Arkusz
AU - Dorota Genowefa Pijanowska
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/15
JO - Scientific Reports
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-76015-9
UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-76015-9
AB - Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are attractive materials for electrochemical sensing owing to their high surface area and enhanced electron-transfer properties. In this study, AuNP/TNT nanocomposites were fabricated using two different approaches: one-step anodization and chronoamperometric electrodeposition. In the first approach, AuNPs were generated directly during TNTs anodization by introducing HAuCl₄ into the electrolyte at final concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 mM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report describing the fabrication of AuNPs/TNTs through the direct incorporation of HAuCl₄ into the anodization electrolyte. In the second, AuNPs were deposited onto annealed TNTs (TNTs-A) by chronoamperometry at − 0.3, − 0.9, and − 1.2 V. The obtained materials were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, contact angle measurements, open-circuit potential measurements, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Among the investigated samples, the nanocomposite fabricated by one-step anodization in the presence of 1 mM HAuCl₄ and subsequently annealed in argon atmosphere at 450 °C for 2 h exhibited a well-dispersed AuNPs distribution (25.97 ± 2.84 nm) and 30% and 34% reductions in impedance modulus and real impedance, respectively, compared with TNTs-A. Furthermore, this platform showed an enhanced electrochemical response toward hydrogen peroxide (0.1–0.5 mM) in the presence of thionine and horseradish peroxidase, exhibiting higher sensitivity and a lower detection limit (0.001 mM) than TNTs-A (0.003 mM).
SN - 2045-2322
ER -