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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-ND 4.0BMC Veterinary Research

Discontools supplement Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs: update and knowledge gaps

  • Dominiek Maes1
  • Corinne Marois-Créhan2
  • Bert Devriendt3
  • Maria Pieters4
  • Guoqing Shao5,6
  • Rubén Del Pozo Sacristán7
  • Joaquim Segalés8,9,10
  • Christelle Fablet11
  • Luís Guilherme de Oliveira12
  • Marina Sibila9,10,13
13 affiliations
  1. 1Unit of Porcine Health Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  2. 2French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), L Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Mycoplasmology, Bacteriology and Antibiotic Resistance Unit, Ploufragan, 22440 France
  3. 3Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
  4. 4Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, and Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, and Swine Disease Eradication Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN United States of America
  5. 5Xianghu Laboratory, Hangzhou, 310021 China
  6. 6Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biological Engineering and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210014 China
  7. 7MSD Animal Health (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd, 1582 Gumei Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, 200233 China
  8. 8Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193 Spain
  9. 9Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193 Spain
  10. 10WOAH Collaborating Center for Research and Control of Emerging and Re- Emerging Pig Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193 Spain
  11. 11French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Laboratory, Epidemiology Animal Health and Welfare Unit, Ploufragan, 22440 France
  12. 12Swine Medicine Laboratory, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
  13. 13IRTA, Animal Health, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Barcelona, 08193 Spain
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Abstract

Background: This manuscript reviews current knowledge on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs, integrating advances in epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, diagnostics, and control. The pathogen is globally endemic, with transmission driven mainly by direct contact within a herd, and by purchase of animals and airborne transmission between herds. Infection dynamics are shaped by production systems, sow-piglet transmission, and co-infections, while strain diversity and subclinical infections complicate disease expression and control.

Pathogenesis is understood as a complex, multifactorial phenomenon rather than being determined by single virulence factors. Adhesion, biofilm formation, extensive posttranslational processing, metabolic adaptation, and immune evasion collectively enable persistent colonization. A major conceptual advance is the discovery of migrasome-mediated dissemination, which may explain chronic infection and reduced antimicrobial efficacy.

Conclusions: Despite significant advances, important knowledge gaps remain in multiple areas of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae research. Uncertainties persist in transmission and epidemiology, including the role of environmental spread, wild boar reservoirs, and the extent of subclinical infections. The impact of strain diversity on virulence, transmission, persistence, and vaccine performance is not yet fully understood, and predictive markers are lacking. Key aspects of host–pathogen interactions, such as immune evasion, occasional intracellular survival, macrophage polarization, and the in vivo relevance of migrasome-mediated dissemination, require further clarification. Protective immunity remains poorly defined, with unresolved questions on correlates of protection and the roles of mucosal and systemic responses. Diagnostic challenges include distinguishing active from residual infection and improving specificity and Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) compatibility. Evidence on antimicrobial effects on transmission and resistance monitoring is limited. In addition, variability in vaccine efficacy and the influence of maternal immunity remain unclear. Finally, scalable elimination strategies, particularly for very large production systems and reduced antimicrobial use, are still needed.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{maes2026discontools,
  title = {{Discontools supplement Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs: update and knowledge gaps}},
  author = {Dominiek Maes and Corinne Marois-Créhan and Bert Devriendt and Maria Pieters and Guoqing Shao and Rubén Del Pozo Sacristán and Joaquim Segalés and Christelle Fablet and Luís Guilherme de Oliveira and Marina Sibila},
  journal = {BMC Veterinary Research},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1186/s12917-026-05778-0},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-026-05778-0},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Discontools supplement Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infections in pigs: update and knowledge gaps
AU  - Dominiek Maes
AU  - Corinne Marois-Créhan
AU  - Bert Devriendt
AU  - Maria Pieters
AU  - Guoqing Shao
AU  - Rubén Del Pozo Sacristán
AU  - Joaquim Segalés
AU  - Christelle Fablet
AU  - Luís Guilherme de Oliveira
AU  - Marina Sibila
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/31
JO  - BMC Veterinary Research
DO  - 10.1186/s12917-026-05778-0
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-026-05778-0
AB  - Background: This manuscript reviews current knowledge on Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, the primary agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs, integrating advances in epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, diagnostics, and control. The pathogen is globally endemic, with transmission driven mainly by direct contact within a herd, and by purchase of animals and airborne transmission between herds. Infection dynamics are shaped by production systems, sow-piglet transmission, and co-infections, while strain diversity and subclinical infections complicate disease expression and control.  Pathogenesis is understood as a complex, multifactorial phenomenon rather than being determined by single virulence factors. Adhesion, biofilm formation, extensive posttranslational processing, metabolic adaptation, and immune evasion collectively enable persistent colonization. A major conceptual advance is the discovery of migrasome-mediated dissemination, which may explain chronic infection and reduced antimicrobial efficacy.  Conclusions: Despite significant advances, important knowledge gaps remain in multiple areas of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae research. Uncertainties persist in transmission and epidemiology, including the role of environmental spread, wild boar reservoirs, and the extent of subclinical infections. The impact of strain diversity on virulence, transmission, persistence, and vaccine performance is not yet fully understood, and predictive markers are lacking. Key aspects of host–pathogen interactions, such as immune evasion, occasional intracellular survival, macrophage polarization, and the in vivo relevance of migrasome-mediated dissemination, require further clarification. Protective immunity remains poorly defined, with unresolved questions on correlates of protection and the roles of mucosal and systemic responses. Diagnostic challenges include distinguishing active from residual infection and improving specificity and Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals (DIVA) compatibility. Evidence on antimicrobial effects on transmission and resistance monitoring is limited. In addition, variability in vaccine efficacy and the influence of maternal immunity remain unclear. Finally, scalable elimination strategies, particularly for very large production systems and reduced antimicrobial use, are still needed.
SN  - 1746-6148
ER  -