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Peer-reviewedCC BYMemorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

Epidemiology and social factors of malaria in the Yanomami Indigenous Territory: a critical review of the challenges of control and elimination.

  • Djane Clarys Baia-da-Silva1,2
  • Alexander Vargas3
  • Edília Sâmela Freitas Santos3
  • Karolina Jeaneth Solórzano Chavarría4,5
  • Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro3,6,7,8
  • Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro4,5
8 affiliations
  1. 1Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, AM, Brasil.
  2. 2Universidade Nilton Lins, Manaus, AM, Brasil.
  3. 3Ministério da Saúde, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Brasília, DF, Brasil.
  4. 4Fundação de Medicina Tropical Doutor Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, AM, Brasil.
  5. 5Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brasil.
  6. 6Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
  7. 7Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Centro de Pesquisa, Diagnóstico e Treinamento da Malária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
  8. 8Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Imunomodulação, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
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Abstract

Malaria in the Yanomami Indigenous Territory (YIT) constitutes a serious public health concern and has been hyperendemic since 1987, following the arrival of illegal gold miners in the area. Disease transmission has steadily increased since 2013, particularly among children. It escalated into a crisis in 2019, driven by the intensification of illegal mining and environmental, sociocultural, and political factors, and reached approximately 33,000 cases in 2024. Although the declaration of a Public Health Emergency in 2023 led to advancements in surveillance and diagnosis, the incidence of cases remains elevated. Nevertheless, there was a remarkable reduction in malaria-related mortality, evidenced by a 42% decrease in deaths and a 47% decline in the case-fatality rate, even in the context of persistently high notification rates. Barriers to control include limited access to remote communities, ecological degradation that favours vector proliferation, a high prevalence of submicroscopic infections, and sociocultural constraints. Expanded diagnostic capacity and a reinforced workforce are essential but insufficient without addressing the underlying structural causes. This mini-review summarises and critically discusses the epidemiological trends of malaria in YIT, as well as the social, environmental, cultural, and operational factors that sustain transmission.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{baiadasilva2026epidemiology,
  title = {{Epidemiology and social factors of malaria in the Yanomami Indigenous Territory: a critical review of the challenges of control and elimination.}},
  author = {Djane Clarys Baia-da-Silva and Alexander Vargas and Edília Sâmela Freitas Santos and Karolina Jeaneth Solórzano Chavarría and Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro and Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro},
  journal = {Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1590/0074-02760260033},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42879649},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Epidemiology and social factors of malaria in the Yanomami Indigenous Territory: a critical review of the challenges of control and elimination.
AU  - Djane Clarys Baia-da-Silva
AU  - Alexander Vargas
AU  - Edília Sâmela Freitas Santos
AU  - Karolina Jeaneth Solórzano Chavarría
AU  - Cláudio Tadeu Daniel-Ribeiro
AU  - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/09
JO  - Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz
DO  - 10.1590/0074-02760260033
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42879649
AB  - Malaria in the Yanomami Indigenous Territory (YIT) constitutes a serious public health concern and has been hyperendemic since 1987, following the arrival of illegal gold miners in the area. Disease transmission has steadily increased since 2013, particularly among children. It escalated into a crisis in 2019, driven by the intensification of illegal mining and environmental, sociocultural, and political factors, and reached approximately 33,000 cases in 2024. Although the declaration of a Public Health Emergency in 2023 led to advancements in surveillance and diagnosis, the incidence of cases remains elevated. Nevertheless, there was a remarkable reduction in malaria-related mortality, evidenced by a 42% decrease in deaths and a 47% decline in the case-fatality rate, even in the context of persistently high notification rates. Barriers to control include limited access to remote communities, ecological degradation that favours vector proliferation, a high prevalence of submicroscopic infections, and sociocultural constraints. Expanded diagnostic capacity and a reinforced workforce are essential but insufficient without addressing the underlying structural causes. This mini-review summarises and critically discusses the epidemiological trends of malaria in YIT, as well as the social, environmental, cultural, and operational factors that sustain transmission.
SN  - 0074-0276
SN  - 1678-8060
ER  -