COX2 contributes to the spatial reorganization of B7H4⁺ and CD44v6⁺ niches promoting therapy resistance in ER- breast cancer
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast tumors are aggressive subtypes with limited therapeutic options. Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes chronic inflammation, immune suppression, and therapeutic resistance. Whether COX2 signaling organizes tumor microenvironments across oxygen gradients remains unclear. Restricted Exchange Environment Chambers (REECs) were used to explore the COX2 impact on spatial tumor architecture across oxygen gradients. Baseline COX2+, B7H4+, and CD44v6+ cells exhibited distinct distributions, with CD44v6 predominance. Inflammatory stimulation increased and spatially reorganized COX2+, B7H4+, and COX2+CD44v6+ populations. While COX2+ cells occupied oxygenated-to-intermediate zones, B7H4+ populations were enriched in intermediate-to-hypoxic regions, and CD44v6 remained broadly distributed. Diclofenac disrupted this organization and reduced clustering of COX2+, B7H4+, and COX2+CD44v6+ phenotypes. Poor-outcome patients showed high COX2 at the tumor-stroma interface as well as altered COX2+, B7H4+, and CD44v6+ clustering phenotypes. These findings identify COX2-dependent microenvironments as clinically relevant features of therapeutic resistance. Diclofenac preferentially depleted hypoxic compartments preserved following cisplatin treatment alone, supporting the targeting of spatially organized inflammatory niches to improve therapeutic response.
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BibTeX
@article{coutinho2026cox2,
title = {{COX2 contributes to the spatial reorganization of B7H4⁺ and CD44v6⁺ niches promoting therapy resistance in ER- breast cancer}},
author = {Leandro L. Coutinho and Erika M. Palmieri and Ana L. Gonzalez and William F. Heinz and Rebecca L. Moffat and Lisa A. Ridnour and Robert Y. S. Cheng and Milind Pore and Donna Butcher and Elijah F. Edmondson and M. Cristina Rangel and Stephen T. C. Wong and Stanley Lipkowitz and Sharon A. Glynn and Daniel W. McVicar and Xiaoxian Li and Stephen K. Anderson and Timothy R. Billiar and Jenny C. Chang and Stephen J. Lockett and David A. Wink},
journal = {Communications Biology},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.1038/s42003-026-11285-7},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-026-11285-7},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - COX2 contributes to the spatial reorganization of B7H4⁺ and CD44v6⁺ niches promoting therapy resistance in ER- breast cancer
AU - Leandro L. Coutinho
AU - Erika M. Palmieri
AU - Ana L. Gonzalez
AU - William F. Heinz
AU - Rebecca L. Moffat
AU - Lisa A. Ridnour
AU - Robert Y. S. Cheng
AU - Milind Pore
AU - Donna Butcher
AU - Elijah F. Edmondson
AU - M. Cristina Rangel
AU - Stephen T. C. Wong
AU - Stanley Lipkowitz
AU - Sharon A. Glynn
AU - Daniel W. McVicar
AU - Xiaoxian Li
AU - Stephen K. Anderson
AU - Timothy R. Billiar
AU - Jenny C. Chang
AU - Stephen J. Lockett
AU - David A. Wink
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/02
JO - Communications Biology
DO - 10.1038/s42003-026-11285-7
UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-026-11285-7
AB - Estrogen receptor-negative (ER-) breast tumors are aggressive subtypes with limited therapeutic options. Cyclooxygenase-2 promotes chronic inflammation, immune suppression, and therapeutic resistance. Whether COX2 signaling organizes tumor microenvironments across oxygen gradients remains unclear. Restricted Exchange Environment Chambers (REECs) were used to explore the COX2 impact on spatial tumor architecture across oxygen gradients. Baseline COX2+, B7H4+, and CD44v6+ cells exhibited distinct distributions, with CD44v6 predominance. Inflammatory stimulation increased and spatially reorganized COX2+, B7H4+, and COX2+CD44v6+ populations. While COX2+ cells occupied oxygenated-to-intermediate zones, B7H4+ populations were enriched in intermediate-to-hypoxic regions, and CD44v6 remained broadly distributed. Diclofenac disrupted this organization and reduced clustering of COX2+, B7H4+, and COX2+CD44v6+ phenotypes. Poor-outcome patients showed high COX2 at the tumor-stroma interface as well as altered COX2+, B7H4+, and CD44v6+ clustering phenotypes. These findings identify COX2-dependent microenvironments as clinically relevant features of therapeutic resistance. Diclofenac preferentially depleted hypoxic compartments preserved following cisplatin treatment alone, supporting the targeting of spatially organized inflammatory niches to improve therapeutic response.
SN - 2399-3642
ER -