Study of Molecular Genetic Characteristics of Influenza A(H1N1) Viruses Identified During Monitoring in Kazakhstan (2023-2026).
4 affiliations
- 1The Research and Production Center for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty 050010, Kazakhstan.
- 2Kazakhstan-Russian Medical University, Postgraduate Cardiology Course, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan.
- 3National Center of Public Health Care, The Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Almaty 0500008, Kazakhstan.
- 4Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA.
Abstract
Background/objectives
Seasonal influenza threatens global public health through rapid mutations. This study evaluated the prevalence and molecular-genetic characteristics of seasonal influenza viruses circulating in Kazakhstan during the 2023-2026 epidemic seasons.Methods
Nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 1756) and serum samples (n = 718) were screened using RT-qPCR, HI, and ELISA assays. Selected A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates underwent full-length HA and NA gene next-generation sequencing, followed by phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses.Results
Influenza A(H3N2) strains dominated in Kazakhstan during the 2023-2024 and 2025-2026 seasons. Conversely, the 2024-2025 season showed a shifting landscape, characterized by co-circulation of influenza B and A(H1N1)pdm09 strains belonging to genetic clade 6B.1A.5a.2a (subclades C.1.9 and C.1.9.3). Mutational mapping revealed ongoing in situ microevolution adjacent to the receptor-binding site (HA-R222K). Genomic screening of the NA gene identified critical I223R and S247N mutations traditionally linked to resistance. In silico profiling predicted that while the majority maintained baseline sensitivity, the solitary A/Shymkent/NRL-1999/2024 isolate harboring the I223R substitution exhibited a multidrug-resistant genotype to oseltamivir, peramivir, and zanamivir.Conclusions
These findings demonstrate dynamic inter-seasonal etiological shifts and the predicted emergence of an independent resistant lineage (NA-I223R). This underscores the necessity for continuous, expanded genomic surveillance of respiratory pathogens across Kazakhstan.
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BibTeX
@article{klivleyeva2026study,
title = {{Study of Molecular Genetic Characteristics of Influenza A(H1N1) Viruses Identified During Monitoring in Kazakhstan (2023-2026).}},
author = {Nailya Klivleyeva and Tatyana Glebova and Assem Baimukhametova and Kobey Karamendin and Nurbol Saktaganov and Nuray Ongarbayeva and Mereke Kalkozhayeva and Indira Ibragimova and Aknur Mutaliyeva and Altynay Gabiden and Richard Webby},
journal = {Viruses},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/v18101087},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944007},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Study of Molecular Genetic Characteristics of Influenza A(H1N1) Viruses Identified During Monitoring in Kazakhstan (2023-2026).
AU - Nailya Klivleyeva
AU - Tatyana Glebova
AU - Assem Baimukhametova
AU - Kobey Karamendin
AU - Nurbol Saktaganov
AU - Nuray Ongarbayeva
AU - Mereke Kalkozhayeva
AU - Indira Ibragimova
AU - Aknur Mutaliyeva
AU - Altynay Gabiden
AU - Richard Webby
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Viruses
DO - 10.3390/v18101087
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42944007
AB - Background/objectives Seasonal influenza threatens global public health through rapid mutations. This study evaluated the prevalence and molecular-genetic characteristics of seasonal influenza viruses circulating in Kazakhstan during the 2023-2026 epidemic seasons.Methods Nasopharyngeal swabs (n = 1756) and serum samples (n = 718) were screened using RT-qPCR, HI, and ELISA assays. Selected A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates underwent full-length HA and NA gene next-generation sequencing, followed by phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses.Results Influenza A(H3N2) strains dominated in Kazakhstan during the 2023-2024 and 2025-2026 seasons. Conversely, the 2024-2025 season showed a shifting landscape, characterized by co-circulation of influenza B and A(H1N1)pdm09 strains belonging to genetic clade 6B.1A.5a.2a (subclades C.1.9 and C.1.9.3). Mutational mapping revealed ongoing in situ microevolution adjacent to the receptor-binding site (HA-R222K). Genomic screening of the NA gene identified critical I223R and S247N mutations traditionally linked to resistance. In silico profiling predicted that while the majority maintained baseline sensitivity, the solitary A/Shymkent/NRL-1999/2024 isolate harboring the I223R substitution exhibited a multidrug-resistant genotype to oseltamivir, peramivir, and zanamivir.Conclusions These findings demonstrate dynamic inter-seasonal etiological shifts and the predicted emergence of an independent resistant lineage (NA-I223R). This underscores the necessity for continuous, expanded genomic surveillance of respiratory pathogens across Kazakhstan.
SN - 1999-4915
ER -