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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Biomolecules

Bisphenol A Promotes Molecular Subtypes of Type 1 Endometrial Cancer Through Several Inflammatory Pathways

  • Michael Thoene1
  • Kamila Zglejc-Waszak2
  • Waldemar Grzegorzewski3
  • Joanna Wojtkiewicz4
  • Marcin Jozwik5
5 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Medical Biology, School of Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland
  2. 2Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
  3. 3Faculty of Biology, Nature Protection, and Sustainable Development, University of Rzeszow, 35-310 Rzeszow, Poland
  4. 4Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
  5. 5Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, School of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
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Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) surrounds us nowadays and this exposure is known to cause numerous health problems, cancer included. Since BPA is structurally similar to natural Estradiol-17β, it acts as a xenoestrogen overstimulating estrogen receptors. This triggers multiple pathways, mainly via inflammatory responses, that may lead to the progression of cancer. For hormone-sensitive cancers such as type 1 endometrial cancer, this is especially true. This article examined the most common pathways cited that involve inflammation leading to the formation, maintenance and aggressiveness of cancer stem cells, with the inflammation linked to BPA exposure. Other pathways were also examined where BPA may be involved in mutagenesis. The results and detailed discussions of the pathways are presented, along with clarifying tables. Cancer stem cell formation and maintenance are affected by chronic BPA exposure leading to type 1 endometrial cancer, but with some evidence gaps that still need to be resolved. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation is a key step, directly damaging DNA, causing oncogene formation, disabling proofreading genes, and triggering tumorigenesis. The known key pathways relevant to the formation and progression of endometrial cancer, and mechanisms concerning how BPA may trigger the process are discussed.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{thoene2026bisphenol,
  title = {{Bisphenol A Promotes Molecular Subtypes of Type 1 Endometrial Cancer Through Several Inflammatory Pathways}},
  author = {Michael Thoene and Kamila Zglejc-Waszak and Waldemar Grzegorzewski and Joanna Wojtkiewicz and Marcin Jozwik},
  journal = {Biomolecules},
  year = {2026},
  month = nov,
  doi = {10.3390/biom16111594},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/16/11/1594},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Bisphenol A Promotes Molecular Subtypes of Type 1 Endometrial Cancer Through Several Inflammatory Pathways
AU  - Michael Thoene
AU  - Kamila Zglejc-Waszak
AU  - Waldemar Grzegorzewski
AU  - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
AU  - Marcin Jozwik
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/11/02
JO  - Biomolecules
DO  - 10.3390/biom16111594
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2218-273X/16/11/1594
AB  - Bisphenol A (BPA) surrounds us nowadays and this exposure is known to cause numerous health problems, cancer included. Since BPA is structurally similar to natural Estradiol-17β, it acts as a xenoestrogen overstimulating estrogen receptors. This triggers multiple pathways, mainly via inflammatory responses, that may lead to the progression of cancer. For hormone-sensitive cancers such as type 1 endometrial cancer, this is especially true. This article examined the most common pathways cited that involve inflammation leading to the formation, maintenance and aggressiveness of cancer stem cells, with the inflammation linked to BPA exposure. Other pathways were also examined where BPA may be involved in mutagenesis. The results and detailed discussions of the pathways are presented, along with clarifying tables. Cancer stem cell formation and maintenance are affected by chronic BPA exposure leading to type 1 endometrial cancer, but with some evidence gaps that still need to be resolved. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) formation is a key step, directly damaging DNA, causing oncogene formation, disabling proofreading genes, and triggering tumorigenesis. The known key pathways relevant to the formation and progression of endometrial cancer, and mechanisms concerning how BPA may trigger the process are discussed.
SN  - 2218-273X
ER  -