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Peer-reviewedCC BYFrontiers in Nutrition

Food consumption and combined dietary patterns in relation to Crohn’s disease: a case–control study in Saudi Arabia

  • Manal Malibary1
  • Manal Malibary2
  • Haytham A. Sheerah3
  • Haytham A. Sheerah4
  • Ahmed Arafa5
  • Mudi H. Alharbi6
  • Norah Eid Aljohani6
  • Maryam M. Alghamdi6
  • Shoroog M. Allogmanny6
  • Amnah N. Yamani7
  • Mustafa M. Shoqeair8
  • Osama Z. Alzeer8
2 more authors
  • Haneen N. Molla8
  • Anas Almofarreh9
9 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Sciences and Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  2. 2Food, Nutrition and Lifestyle Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  3. 3Chief Executive Office, Public Health Authority, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  4. 4Population Health Deputyship, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  5. 5Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
  6. 6Clinical Nutrition Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
  7. 7Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
  8. 8Clinical Nutrition Department, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
  9. 9The Investment Deputyship, Ministry of Health, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract

BackgroundDietary factors have been associated with Crohn’s disease (CD), but evidence regarding the role of combined dietary patterns remains limited. We investigated the associations of individual food consumption and broader dietary patterns with CD.MethodsThis case–control study included 219 patients with CD and 395 controls. Intake frequency of selected foods was scored on a four-level scale. Based on the combined consumption of foods classified as risk-promoting or protective, participants were grouped into four dietary patterns: high risk-promoting/low protective, high risk-promoting/high protective, low risk-promoting/low protective, and low risk-promoting/high protective. Associations with CD were assessed using multivariable logistic regression and expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsPatients with CD reported more frequent intakes of fast food, carbonated soft drinks, spicy food, and fruit: ORs (95% CIs) = 4.12 (3.02, 5.63), 3.89 (2.74, 5.52), 1.67 (1.33, 2.09), and 3.48 (2.41, 5.02), respectively. Participants with low consumption of risk-promoting foods had substantially lower CD odds, regardless of whether their consumption of protective foods was low (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.35) or high (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.27). High consumption of protective foods was not associated with lower CD odds when consumption of risk-promoting foods was also high (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.92).ConclusionFrequent intakes of fast food, carbonated soft drinks, and spicy food were associated with greater CD odds. Dietary patterns characterized by low consumption of risk-promoting foods were associated with substantially lower CD odds.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{malibary2026food,
  title = {{Food consumption and combined dietary patterns in relation to Crohn’s disease: a case–control study in Saudi Arabia}},
  author = {Manal Malibary and Manal Malibary and Haytham A. Sheerah and Haytham A. Sheerah and Ahmed Arafa and Mudi H. Alharbi and Norah Eid Aljohani and Maryam M. Alghamdi and Shoroog M. Allogmanny and Amnah N. Yamani and Mustafa M. Shoqeair and Osama Z. Alzeer and Haneen N. Molla and Anas Almofarreh},
  journal = {Frontiers in Nutrition},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fnut.2026.1989162},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1989162},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Food consumption and combined dietary patterns in relation to Crohn’s disease: a case–control study in Saudi Arabia
AU  - Manal Malibary
AU  - Manal Malibary
AU  - Haytham A. Sheerah
AU  - Haytham A. Sheerah
AU  - Ahmed Arafa
AU  - Mudi H. Alharbi
AU  - Norah Eid Aljohani
AU  - Maryam M. Alghamdi
AU  - Shoroog M. Allogmanny
AU  - Amnah N. Yamani
AU  - Mustafa M. Shoqeair
AU  - Osama Z. Alzeer
AU  - Haneen N. Molla
AU  - Anas Almofarreh
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/23
JO  - Frontiers in Nutrition
DO  - 10.3389/fnut.2026.1989162
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2026.1989162
AB  - BackgroundDietary factors have been associated with Crohn’s disease (CD), but evidence regarding the role of combined dietary patterns remains limited. We investigated the associations of individual food consumption and broader dietary patterns with CD.MethodsThis case–control study included 219 patients with CD and 395 controls. Intake frequency of selected foods was scored on a four-level scale. Based on the combined consumption of foods classified as risk-promoting or protective, participants were grouped into four dietary patterns: high risk-promoting/low protective, high risk-promoting/high protective, low risk-promoting/low protective, and low risk-promoting/high protective. Associations with CD were assessed using multivariable logistic regression and expressed as odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).ResultsPatients with CD reported more frequent intakes of fast food, carbonated soft drinks, spicy food, and fruit: ORs (95% CIs) = 4.12 (3.02, 5.63), 3.89 (2.74, 5.52), 1.67 (1.33, 2.09), and 3.48 (2.41, 5.02), respectively. Participants with low consumption of risk-promoting foods had substantially lower CD odds, regardless of whether their consumption of protective foods was low (OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.35) or high (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.27). High consumption of protective foods was not associated with lower CD odds when consumption of risk-promoting foods was also high (OR = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.69, 1.92).ConclusionFrequent intakes of fast food, carbonated soft drinks, and spicy food were associated with greater CD odds. Dietary patterns characterized by low consumption of risk-promoting foods were associated with substantially lower CD odds.
SN  - 2296-861X
ER  -