Inferring dominant acceleration mechanisms using the longitudinal spread of solar particle intensities: 28 May 2021 event
Abstract
Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are typically accelerated during solar eruptions and propagate along magnetic field lines in the inner heliosphere. These eruptions include shock waves driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and magnetic reconnection in solar flares. Disentangling these source mechanisms within the measurements has been a long-standing problem for space physics researchers. Since spacecraft rarely reach the acceleration regions close to the Sun, measured SEP intensities reflect a combination of particle acceleration and interplanetary transport. The method used in this study attempts to identify which of the two main acceleration processes is more dominant for specific particle energies and species in a standalone event. Through this approach, we aim to better identify the signatures associated with these two acceleration phenomena and recognize similar behaviors in measurements with transport effects. This study characterizes the longitudinal spread of the SEP event on 28 May 2021 by fitting Gaussian curves at regular time intervals to particle intensities as a function of spacecraft position. This evolution offers unprecedented detail compared to earlier peak-focused studies, which were also limited to only three observers, while we now benefit from a novel fleet. To support the interpretation of the evolving profiles, we use a 2D SEP transport model to test if the evolution of the SEP distribution can also be caused by interplanetary effects. For this event, we find that the particle distribution of 0.1 MeV electrons remains static, while for 14 and 32 MeV protons, the distribution grows and moves to the west. We suggest that the CME-driven shock is the dominant source for protons, and that the flare is the dominant source only for the studied 0.1 MeV electrons. Interplanetary transport processes could also be contributing to the moving particle distributions.
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BibTeX
@misc{lang2026inferring,
title = {{Inferring dominant acceleration mechanisms using the longitudinal spread of solar particle intensities: 28 May 2021 event}},
author = {Jaclyn T. Lang and R. Du Toit Strauss and Jan Gieseler and Stefan Jensen and J. Grant Mitchell and Rami Vainio and Nina Dresing},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.41749},
eprint = {2610.41749},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41749},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Inferring dominant acceleration mechanisms using the longitudinal spread of solar particle intensities: 28 May 2021 event
AU - Jaclyn T. Lang
AU - R. Du Toit Strauss
AU - Jan Gieseler
AU - Stefan Jensen
AU - J. Grant Mitchell
AU - Rami Vainio
AU - Nina Dresing
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.41749
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.41749
AB - Solar energetic particles (SEPs) are typically accelerated during solar eruptions and propagate along magnetic field lines in the inner heliosphere. These eruptions include shock waves driven by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and magnetic reconnection in solar flares. Disentangling these source mechanisms within the measurements has been a long-standing problem for space physics researchers. Since spacecraft rarely reach the acceleration regions close to the Sun, measured SEP intensities reflect a combination of particle acceleration and interplanetary transport. The method used in this study attempts to identify which of the two main acceleration processes is more dominant for specific particle energies and species in a standalone event. Through this approach, we aim to better identify the signatures associated with these two acceleration phenomena and recognize similar behaviors in measurements with transport effects. This study characterizes the longitudinal spread of the SEP event on 28 May 2021 by fitting Gaussian curves at regular time intervals to particle intensities as a function of spacecraft position. This evolution offers unprecedented detail compared to earlier peak-focused studies, which were also limited to only three observers, while we now benefit from a novel fleet. To support the interpretation of the evolving profiles, we use a 2D SEP transport model to test if the evolution of the SEP distribution can also be caused by interplanetary effects. For this event, we find that the particle distribution of 0.1 MeV electrons remains static, while for 14 and 32 MeV protons, the distribution grows and moves to the west. We suggest that the CME-driven shock is the dominant source for protons, and that the flare is the dominant source only for the studied 0.1 MeV electrons. Interplanetary transport processes could also be contributing to the moving particle distributions.
ER -