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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-ND 4.0ACS Omega

Regulating Silicate Speciation and Geopolymerization Kinetics through Crystalline Water in Solid Sodium Silicate Activator

  • Feng Zhang1
  • Zhixin Wang2
  • Xipeng Wu2
  • Jianbing Gou2
  • Sai Liu2
  • Dongjun Li2
  • Jianguo Hao3,4
  • Linlin Wang4
  • Dawang Zhang5
  • Tiantian Yang5
  • Tiancheng Pan5
5 affiliations
  1. 1National Energy Group Guoyuan Electric Power Co., Ltd , ,
  2. 2Shaanxi Deyuan Fugu Energy Co., Ltd. , , ,
  3. 3Chongqing University of Science and Technology , ,
  4. 4China Coal Technology and Engineering Group Chongqing Research Institute , ,
  5. 5Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology , , ,
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Abstract

The performance of one-part alkali-activated materials (OP-AAMs) is strongly influenced by the hydration state and silicate speciation of solid alkali activators. In this study, the role of crystalline water in solid sodium silicate activators was systematically examined by varying the ratio of sodium metasilicate hydrate (Na2SiO3·9H2O) to anhydrous sodium silicate, while maintaining a constant Na2SiO3 dosage and effective water-to-binder ratio. Fresh and hardened properties were characterized using in situ fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)–rheometry, isothermal calorimetry, 29Si MAS NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Reducing crystalline water increased the proportion of reactive Q1 species from 24.7% to 86.0%, enhanced workability with a spread diameter of 235 mm, and accelerated early reaction kinetics, shifting the main exothermic peak from ∼20 min to 3–5 min. An optimal 50/50 blend achieved a compressive strength of 73.8 MPa at 28 days, a nanopore fraction of 83.86%, and a highly polymerized Q4/Q4(1Al)-rich gel network. These results highlight crystalline water as a key regulator of reactivity and gel structure in OP-AAMs.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{zhang2026regulating,
  title = {{Regulating Silicate Speciation and Geopolymerization Kinetics through Crystalline Water in Solid Sodium Silicate Activator}},
  author = {Feng Zhang and Zhixin Wang and Xipeng Wu and Jianbing Gou and Sai Liu and Dongjun Li and Jianguo Hao and Linlin Wang and Dawang Zhang and Tiantian Yang and Tiancheng Pan},
  journal = {ACS Omega},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1021/acsomega.6c04469},
  url = {https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c04469/5457469/Regulating-Silicate-Speciation-and},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Regulating Silicate Speciation and Geopolymerization Kinetics through Crystalline Water in Solid Sodium Silicate Activator
AU  - Feng Zhang
AU  - Zhixin Wang
AU  - Xipeng Wu
AU  - Jianbing Gou
AU  - Sai Liu
AU  - Dongjun Li
AU  - Jianguo Hao
AU  - Linlin Wang
AU  - Dawang Zhang
AU  - Tiantian Yang
AU  - Tiancheng Pan
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/23
JO  - ACS Omega
DO  - 10.1021/acsomega.6c04469
UR  - https://pubs.acs.org/acsodf/article/doi/10.1021/acsomega.6c04469/5457469/Regulating-Silicate-Speciation-and
AB  - The performance of one-part alkali-activated materials (OP-AAMs) is strongly influenced by the hydration state and silicate speciation of solid alkali activators. In this study, the role of crystalline water in solid sodium silicate activators was systematically examined by varying the ratio of sodium metasilicate hydrate (Na2SiO3·9H2O) to anhydrous sodium silicate, while maintaining a constant Na2SiO3 dosage and effective water-to-binder ratio. Fresh and hardened properties were characterized using in situ fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)–rheometry, isothermal calorimetry, 29Si MAS NMR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), mercury intrusion porosimetry, and scanning electron microscopy. Reducing crystalline water increased the proportion of reactive Q1 species from 24.7% to 86.0%, enhanced workability with a spread diameter of 235 mm, and accelerated early reaction kinetics, shifting the main exothermic peak from ∼20 min to 3–5 min. An optimal 50/50 blend achieved a compressive strength of 73.8 MPa at 28 days, a nanopore fraction of 83.86%, and a highly polymerized Q4/Q4(1Al)-rich gel network. These results highlight crystalline water as a key regulator of reactivity and gel structure in OP-AAMs.
SN  - 2470-1343
ER  -