Structure-preserving Fourier Neural Operators for Long-time Cahn-Hilliard Dynamics under Coarse Temporal Supervision
Abstract
Accurate long-time prediction of Cahn-Hilliard dynamics, particularly in the late-stage coarsening regime, is computationally demanding because it requires simulations over extended physical time. Various machine learning approaches have been developed to speed up the simulations through efficient surrogate evaluations. While the learned map can be accurate over a single learned interval, small prediction error will accumulate when the map is repeatedly applied in a long-time prediction, leading to large numerical errors. In this work, we identify the structure function for the coarsening dynamics of the Cahn-Hilliard equation and propose a two-stage structure-preserving Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) learning framework. Stage~I introduces a bound-conforming FNO (bcFNO) with a soft, magnitude-dependent amplitude penalty. Stage~II retains the bound-conforming objective and supplements it with structure-function regularization, yielding a structure-preserving FNO (spFNO) that corrects late-stage coarsening statistics. Numerical experiments on the various spatial resolutions and reference-solver time steps suggest that the bcFNO stabilizes the long-time prediction by suppressing large amplitude excursions, without changing the low online cost of the FNO. Furthermore, the structure-function term consistently reduces discrepancies in the normalized structure function and provides further correction in associated late-stage coarsening quantities, including the L3(t) growth trend and the scaling collapse. These results indicate that our multi-stage implementation of physical principles in operator learning could be applied to other multiscale systems with statistical scaling, such as the functionalized Cahn--Hilliard equations and turbulence, provided that the state constraints and statistical observables are adapted to the governing dynamics.
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BibTeX
@misc{li2026structurepreserving,
title = {{Structure-preserving Fourier Neural Operators for Long-time Cahn-Hilliard Dynamics under Coarse Temporal Supervision}},
author = {Yingli Li and Y. C. Zhou},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.39053},
eprint = {2609.39053},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.39053},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Structure-preserving Fourier Neural Operators for Long-time Cahn-Hilliard Dynamics under Coarse Temporal Supervision
AU - Yingli Li
AU - Y. C. Zhou
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/30
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.39053
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.39053
AB - Accurate long-time prediction of Cahn-Hilliard dynamics, particularly in the late-stage coarsening regime, is computationally demanding because it requires simulations over extended physical time. Various machine learning approaches have been developed to speed up the simulations through efficient surrogate evaluations. While the learned map can be accurate over a single learned interval, small prediction error will accumulate when the map is repeatedly applied in a long-time prediction, leading to large numerical errors. In this work, we identify the structure function for the coarsening dynamics of the Cahn-Hilliard equation and propose a two-stage structure-preserving Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) learning framework. Stage~I introduces a bound-conforming FNO (bcFNO) with a soft, magnitude-dependent amplitude penalty. Stage~II retains the bound-conforming objective and supplements it with structure-function regularization, yielding a structure-preserving FNO (spFNO) that corrects late-stage coarsening statistics. Numerical experiments on the various spatial resolutions and reference-solver time steps suggest that the bcFNO stabilizes the long-time prediction by suppressing large amplitude excursions, without changing the low online cost of the FNO. Furthermore, the structure-function term consistently reduces discrepancies in the normalized structure function and provides further correction in associated late-stage coarsening quantities, including the L^3(t) growth trend and the scaling collapse. These results indicate that our multi-stage implementation of physical principles in operator learning could be applied to other multiscale systems with statistical scaling, such as the functionalized Cahn--Hilliard equations and turbulence, provided that the state constraints and statistical observables are adapted to the governing dynamics.
ER -