Characterization of immersed SiPM arrays in liquid scintillator between room temperature and −30 ∘C
Abstract
Liquid scintillator detectors instrumented with distributed silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays can be used in compact, topology-sensitive, and low-background experiments, but the temperature dependence of SiPMs immersed directly in the scintillation medium has not been widely characterized. We report the operation of a 125-liter linear-alkylbenzene-based liquid scintillator detector read out by 125 SiPM channels immersed in the active volume, over the range from room temperature to −30 ∘C. The detector response was measured with cosmic-ray muons, including stopping muons followed by their Michel-electron decay. Cooling from +15 ∘C to −30 ∘C reduced the SiPM dark-count rate by a factor of 13.5, increased the single-photoelectron response by 49.1%, and increased the cosmic-ray muon light yield by 16.7%. The improved photoelectron separation and baseline stability at low temperature enabled a selection of stopping-muon events, from which the effective muon lifetime was measured to be 1959±132 ns, consistent with the value expected for a hydrocarbon scintillator once μ− capture on carbon is taken into account.
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BibTeX
@misc{kwak2026characterization,
title = {{Characterization of immersed SiPM arrays in liquid scintillator between room temperature and $-30\,^\circ\mathrmC$}},
author = {M. S. Kwak and J. S. Chung and C. Ha and T. Z. Huang and J. Y. Kim and S. A. Kim and H. Kimku and B. C. Koh and H. S. Lee and S. Lee and Y. J. Lee and J. Seo},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.25534},
eprint = {2609.25534},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25534},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Characterization of immersed SiPM arrays in liquid scintillator between room temperature and −30 ^∘C
AU - M. S. Kwak
AU - J. S. Chung
AU - C. Ha
AU - T. Z. Huang
AU - J. Y. Kim
AU - S. A. Kim
AU - H. Kimku
AU - B. C. Koh
AU - H. S. Lee
AU - S. Lee
AU - Y. J. Lee
AU - J. Seo
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/23
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.25534
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.25534
AB - Liquid scintillator detectors instrumented with distributed silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) arrays can be used in compact, topology-sensitive, and low-background experiments, but the temperature dependence of SiPMs immersed directly in the scintillation medium has not been widely characterized. We report the operation of a 125-liter linear-alkylbenzene-based liquid scintillator detector read out by 125 SiPM channels immersed in the active volume, over the range from room temperature to −30 ^∘C. The detector response was measured with cosmic-ray muons, including stopping muons followed by their Michel-electron decay. Cooling from +15 ^∘C to −30 ^∘C reduced the SiPM dark-count rate by a factor of 13.5, increased the single-photoelectron response by 49.1%, and increased the cosmic-ray muon light yield by 16.7%. The improved photoelectron separation and baseline stability at low temperature enabled a selection of stopping-muon events, from which the effective muon lifetime was measured to be 1959±132 ns, consistent with the value expected for a hydrocarbon scintillator once μ^− capture on carbon is taken into account.
ER -