Combining Multiple Incomplete Astronomical Surveys to Estimate Galaxy Flux Distributions
Abstract
In astrophysics, the distributions of fluxes or intensities of populations of sources provide insight into the structure and evolution of the universe. We propose a science-driven hierarchical Bayesian framework to estimate the X-ray flux distribution of a population of galaxies. The distribution is parameterized via a broken power law model, formulated as a mixture of Pareto distributions, and is fit using data from a combination of non-representative X-ray and optical surveys. Because fainter sources are less likely to be detected, astronomical surveys suffer from incompleteness at the low-intensity end, and dedicated survey simulations are used to study the resulting missing-data pattern and determine the form of corrections. We introduce a methodology to combine data from two (or more) surveys with different incompleteness functions. This allows us to leverage deeper surveys (e.g., optical) to more fully characterize the X-ray log(N)-log(S) (where fewer sources are detected). We take advantage of a well-calibrated characterization of the missing-data pattern, particularly in X-ray surveys, to make incompleteness corrections for sources that are not detected in either survey. The proposed model is validated using a simulation study designed to mimic the Chandra Deep Field South (CDF-S), demonstrating accurate recovery of the flux distribution even under high proportions of systematic incompleteness. Finally, we apply our proposed method to data from the CDF-S.
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BibTeX
@misc{autenrieth2026combining,
title = {{Combining Multiple Incomplete Astronomical Surveys to Estimate Galaxy Flux Distributions}},
author = {Maximilian Autenrieth and David A. van Dyk and Vinay Kashyap and Andreas Zezas and Aneta Siemiginowska and David C. Stenning},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.37855},
eprint = {2610.37855},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.37855},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Combining Multiple Incomplete Astronomical Surveys to Estimate Galaxy Flux Distributions
AU - Maximilian Autenrieth
AU - David A. van Dyk
AU - Vinay Kashyap
AU - Andreas Zezas
AU - Aneta Siemiginowska
AU - David C. Stenning
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.37855
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.37855
AB - In astrophysics, the distributions of fluxes or intensities of populations of sources provide insight into the structure and evolution of the universe. We propose a science-driven hierarchical Bayesian framework to estimate the X-ray flux distribution of a population of galaxies. The distribution is parameterized via a broken power law model, formulated as a mixture of Pareto distributions, and is fit using data from a combination of non-representative X-ray and optical surveys. Because fainter sources are less likely to be detected, astronomical surveys suffer from incompleteness at the low-intensity end, and dedicated survey simulations are used to study the resulting missing-data pattern and determine the form of corrections. We introduce a methodology to combine data from two (or more) surveys with different incompleteness functions. This allows us to leverage deeper surveys (e.g., optical) to more fully characterize the X-ray log(N)-log(S) (where fewer sources are detected). We take advantage of a well-calibrated characterization of the missing-data pattern, particularly in X-ray surveys, to make incompleteness corrections for sources that are not detected in either survey. The proposed model is validated using a simulation study designed to mimic the Chandra Deep Field South (CDF-S), demonstrating accurate recovery of the flux distribution even under high proportions of systematic incompleteness. Finally, we apply our proposed method to data from the CDF-S.
ER -