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Peer-reviewedCC BYRSC advances

Cardiac troponin sensing via carbon dot-based optical biosensors: advances and clinical opportunities.

  • Shilan A Fatah1
  • Aryan A Fatah2
  • Elyan A Abdulla3
  • Sanaa K Ali3
  • Rzgar Sirwan Raza4
  • Sameera Sh Mohammed Ameen5
  • Khalid M Omer3
5 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Pharmacy, Kurdistan Technical Institute Sulaimani KGR 46001 Iraq [email protected].
  2. 2Medical Laboratory Department, Nawa Hospital Sulaimaniyah 46001 Kurdistan Region Iraq.
  3. 3Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Sulaimani Sulaymaniyah Kurdistan Region 46002 Iraq [email protected].
  4. 4Department of Artificial Intelligence and Data Science, College of Science and Technology, University of Human Development Sulaymaniyah Kurdistan Region of Iraq Iraq.
  5. 5Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Zakho 42002 Zakho Kurdistan region Iraq.
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Abstract

Cardiovascular diseases, particularly acute myocardial infarction (AMI), remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating rapid and accurate diagnostic strategies. Cardiac troponins, especially cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT), are established as gold-standard biomarkers for myocardial injury; however, conventional detection methods suffer from limitations in sensitivity, time consumption, and requirement of complex instrumentation. In recent years, carbon dots (CDs)-based optical biosensors have emerged as promising alternatives due to their excellent photoluminescence properties, biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry. This review systematically discusses the role of CDs in fluorescence, colorimetric, and chemiluminescence-based detection of cardiac troponin, highlighting their sensing mechanisms, analytical performance, and integration into portable microfluidic and point-of-care platforms. Furthermore, recent advancements, including Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based systems, nanozyme-assisted assays, and multiplex chemiluminescence platforms, are critically evaluated. Finally, current challenges, limitations, and future perspectives are addressed to provide insights into the development of next-generation CDs-based diagnostic technologies for early and reliable cardiovascular disease detection.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{fatah2026cardiac,
  title = {{Cardiac troponin sensing via carbon dot-based optical biosensors: advances and clinical opportunities.}},
  author = {Shilan A Fatah and Aryan A Fatah and Elyan A Abdulla and Sanaa K Ali and Rzgar Sirwan Raza and Sameera Sh Mohammed Ameen and Khalid M Omer},
  journal = {RSC advances},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1039/d6ra05727f},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42846348},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Cardiac troponin sensing via carbon dot-based optical biosensors: advances and clinical opportunities.
AU  - Shilan A Fatah
AU  - Aryan A Fatah
AU  - Elyan A Abdulla
AU  - Sanaa K Ali
AU  - Rzgar Sirwan Raza
AU  - Sameera Sh Mohammed Ameen
AU  - Khalid M Omer
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/07
JO  - RSC advances
DO  - 10.1039/d6ra05727f
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42846348
AB  - Cardiovascular diseases, particularly acute myocardial infarction (AMI), remain a leading cause of mortality worldwide, necessitating rapid and accurate diagnostic strategies. Cardiac troponins, especially cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and T (cTnT), are established as gold-standard biomarkers for myocardial injury; however, conventional detection methods suffer from limitations in sensitivity, time consumption, and requirement of complex instrumentation. In recent years, carbon dots (CDs)-based optical biosensors have emerged as promising alternatives due to their excellent photoluminescence properties, biocompatibility, and tunable surface chemistry. This review systematically discusses the role of CDs in fluorescence, colorimetric, and chemiluminescence-based detection of cardiac troponin, highlighting their sensing mechanisms, analytical performance, and integration into portable microfluidic and point-of-care platforms. Furthermore, recent advancements, including Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based systems, nanozyme-assisted assays, and multiplex chemiluminescence platforms, are critically evaluated. Finally, current challenges, limitations, and future perspectives are addressed to provide insights into the development of next-generation CDs-based diagnostic technologies for early and reliable cardiovascular disease detection.
SN  - 2046-2069
ER  -