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Peer-reviewedCC BY-NC-ND 4.0BMC Medicine

Optimal doses of cognitive digital therapeutics for pediatric patients with cognitive impairments: A retrospective study based on big data

  • Yuanhu Liu1
  • Shuli Liang2
  • Aimin Liang3
  • Yongli Guo4
  • XiaoHui Ma5
  • Li Qin5
  • Runzhou Wang5
  • Xin Zhao6
  • Shengcai Wang1
  • Ping Chu4
  • Longjun Cai5
  • XiaoYi Wang5
1 more authors
  • Xin Ni1
6 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
  2. 2Functional Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Children’s Hospital, National Children’s Health Center of China, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
  3. 3Children’s Health Care Center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
  4. 4Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
  5. 5Beijing Wispirit Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
  6. 6Beijing Key Laboratory of Large Language Model for Pediatric Medicine and Healthcare Innovation Application, Innovation center, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China
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Abstract

Background: Cognitive digital therapeutics (CDT) offer a promising non-pharmacological intervention for cognitive impairments in kids and teens (KTs). However, the optimal dosing parameters for CDT in pediatric populations remain unclear.

Methods: This retrospective study aimed to identify the optimal CDT doses for KTs with cognitive impairments across gender and developmental stages, using real-world big data. A total of 38,526 pediatric patients with cognitive impairments who underwent CDT between 2021 and 2025 were included in the analysis. The study assessed cognitive improvement based on the Mean Cognitive Index across varying CDT doses, stratified by age (< 10 vs. ≥10 years) and gender.

Results: The optimal daily dose varied by gender and age: boys under 10 required 16–20 min, while girls needed 24–28 min. In the teen group (10–18 years), boys needed 20–24 min, while girls required 16–20 min. The optimal total dose decreased with age, from 6 to 7 months in boys under 10 to 4–5 months in teens, and from 8 to 9 months in girls to 1–2 months in teens. Higher-than-optimal daily digital training doses may lead to diminished cognitive gains. The optimal weekly dose was 7 days/week across all subgroups.

Conclusions: This is the first large-scale study to define age- and gender-specific optimal CDT doses in pediatric patients with cognitive impairments. The findings provide robust evidence to support personalized CDT interventions and may inform future treatment guidelines.

Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-026-05080-8.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{liu2026optimal,
  title = {{Optimal doses of cognitive digital therapeutics for pediatric patients with cognitive impairments: A retrospective study based on big data}},
  author = {Yuanhu Liu and Shuli Liang and Aimin Liang and Yongli Guo and XiaoHui Ma and Li Qin and Runzhou Wang and Xin Zhao and Shengcai Wang and Ping Chu and Longjun Cai and XiaoYi Wang and Xin Ni},
  journal = {BMC Medicine},
  year = {2026},
  month = jul,
  doi = {10.1186/s12916-026-05080-8},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-026-05080-8},
  note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Optimal doses of cognitive digital therapeutics for pediatric patients with cognitive impairments: A retrospective study based on big data
AU  - Yuanhu Liu
AU  - Shuli Liang
AU  - Aimin Liang
AU  - Yongli Guo
AU  - XiaoHui Ma
AU  - Li Qin
AU  - Runzhou Wang
AU  - Xin Zhao
AU  - Shengcai Wang
AU  - Ping Chu
AU  - Longjun Cai
AU  - XiaoYi Wang
AU  - Xin Ni
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/07/30
JO  - BMC Medicine
DO  - 10.1186/s12916-026-05080-8
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-026-05080-8
AB  - Background: Cognitive digital therapeutics (CDT) offer a promising non-pharmacological intervention for cognitive impairments in kids and teens (KTs). However, the optimal dosing parameters for CDT in pediatric populations remain unclear.  Methods: This retrospective study aimed to identify the optimal CDT doses for KTs with cognitive impairments across gender and developmental stages, using real-world big data. A total of 38,526 pediatric patients with cognitive impairments who underwent CDT between 2021 and 2025 were included in the analysis. The study assessed cognitive improvement based on the Mean Cognitive Index across varying CDT doses, stratified by age (< 10 vs. ≥10 years) and gender.  Results: The optimal daily dose varied by gender and age: boys under 10 required 16–20 min, while girls needed 24–28 min. In the teen group (10–18 years), boys needed 20–24 min, while girls required 16–20 min. The optimal total dose decreased with age, from 6 to 7 months in boys under 10 to 4–5 months in teens, and from 8 to 9 months in girls to 1–2 months in teens. Higher-than-optimal daily digital training doses may lead to diminished cognitive gains. The optimal weekly dose was 7 days/week across all subgroups.  Conclusions: This is the first large-scale study to define age- and gender-specific optimal CDT doses in pediatric patients with cognitive impairments. The findings provide robust evidence to support personalized CDT interventions and may inform future treatment guidelines.  Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-026-05080-8.
SN  - 1741-7015
ER  -