Forest fragmentation, anthropogenic land use, and climate shape sand fly community composition in central Panama.
- 1Yale University
Abstract
Background: American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is endemic in central Panama, where rapid land use change is transforming tropical landscapes and potentially altering the ecology of sand fly vectors. Although researchers have widely studied environmental determinants of individual vector species, community-level responses of sand fly assemblages to landscape modification remain poorly understood. We evaluated how landscape composition, fragmentation, climate, and topography influence sand fly community structure in a rural landscape of central Panama. Methodology/Principal Findings: We combined metacommunity analyses with joint species distribution models (JSDMs) to quantify species-specific and community-level responses to climatic variables, land-cover composition, and forest configuration. We collected 1,692 individuals representing 30 species, including nine anthropportunist taxa of epidemiological importance. Sand fly assemblages had strong nestedness, low species turnover, and predominantly positive residual associations. Several anthropportunist sand fly species occurred across heterogeneous landscapes, although their responses to environmental conditions differed among taxa. Land-cover composition, forest fragmentation metrics, and elevation together explained about half of the variance in species occurrence and abundance, with the remainder attributed to climate and spatial, temporal, and community-level random effects. Grassland cover contributed most strongly to sand fly occurrence and abundance, whereas artificial surfaces consistently reduced both metrics. Fragmentation effects varied by species: edge density often increased occurrence and abundance, whereas more forest patches generally suppressed populations. Increased precipitation broadly enhanced occurrence and abundance, whereas higher temperatures negatively affected several taxa. Conclusions/significance: Landscape heterogeneity predictably structures sand fly communities, and different forms of anthropogenic disturbance exert non-uniform effects on vector assemblages. The nested organization of these assemblages and the co-occurrence of several anthropophilic species suggest that multiple potential vector species may be present across heterogeneous landscapes. These findings highlight the need for landscape-informed surveillance and control strategies that prioritize grassland-forest interfaces and other disturbed ecotones where sand fly species of epidemiological importance frequently co-occur.
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BibTeX
@misc{hoyos2026forest,
title = {{Forest fragmentation, anthropogenic land use, and climate shape sand fly community composition in central Panama.}},
author = {J. Hoyos and C. Rigg and L. F. Chaves and V. Vasquez and M. Perea and J. E. Calzada and A. Saldana and V. Pineda and K. Gonzalez and S. Altizer and R. N. de Brito and A. Reina and J. P. Schmidt and S. Tanner and J. V. Runk and N. L. Gottdenker},
howpublished = {bioRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.64898/2026.10.26.761809},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.26.761809v1},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Forest fragmentation, anthropogenic land use, and climate shape sand fly community composition in central Panama.
AU - J. Hoyos
AU - C. Rigg
AU - L. F. Chaves
AU - V. Vasquez
AU - M. Perea
AU - J. E. Calzada
AU - A. Saldana
AU - V. Pineda
AU - K. Gonzalez
AU - S. Altizer
AU - R. N. de Brito
AU - A. Reina
AU - J. P. Schmidt
AU - S. Tanner
AU - J. V. Runk
AU - N. L. Gottdenker
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/26
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.10.26.761809
UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.10.26.761809v1
AB - Background: American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is endemic in central Panama, where rapid land use change is transforming tropical landscapes and potentially altering the ecology of sand fly vectors. Although researchers have widely studied environmental determinants of individual vector species, community-level responses of sand fly assemblages to landscape modification remain poorly understood. We evaluated how landscape composition, fragmentation, climate, and topography influence sand fly community structure in a rural landscape of central Panama. Methodology/Principal Findings: We combined metacommunity analyses with joint species distribution models (JSDMs) to quantify species-specific and community-level responses to climatic variables, land-cover composition, and forest configuration. We collected 1,692 individuals representing 30 species, including nine anthropportunist taxa of epidemiological importance. Sand fly assemblages had strong nestedness, low species turnover, and predominantly positive residual associations. Several anthropportunist sand fly species occurred across heterogeneous landscapes, although their responses to environmental conditions differed among taxa. Land-cover composition, forest fragmentation metrics, and elevation together explained about half of the variance in species occurrence and abundance, with the remainder attributed to climate and spatial, temporal, and community-level random effects. Grassland cover contributed most strongly to sand fly occurrence and abundance, whereas artificial surfaces consistently reduced both metrics. Fragmentation effects varied by species: edge density often increased occurrence and abundance, whereas more forest patches generally suppressed populations. Increased precipitation broadly enhanced occurrence and abundance, whereas higher temperatures negatively affected several taxa. Conclusions/significance: Landscape heterogeneity predictably structures sand fly communities, and different forms of anthropogenic disturbance exert non-uniform effects on vector assemblages. The nested organization of these assemblages and the co-occurrence of several anthropophilic species suggest that multiple potential vector species may be present across heterogeneous landscapes. These findings highlight the need for landscape-informed surveillance and control strategies that prioritize grassland-forest interfaces and other disturbed ecotones where sand fly species of epidemiological importance frequently co-occur.
ER -