Immunophenotypic subtypes of MAFLD distinct activity, comparable fibrosis
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) shows significant inter-patient heterogeneity, likely due to differences in the hepatic immune microenvironment. We aimed to identify clinically meaningful immunophenotypic subtypes based on quantitative expression of CD68, CD163, IL-6, and ZNF580. Liver biopsies from 19 patients with biopsy-proven MAFLD were analyzed. Immunohistochemical positive rates and counts for CD68, CD163, IL-6, and ZNF580 were quantified using digital image analysis. Hierarchical clustering identified patient subtypes. Clinical parameters, NAS, fibrosis stage, and ALT levels were compared across subtypes. Results : Three stable immunophenotypic subtypes were identified: Type M (macrophage-rich, high CD68/CD163, n = 7, 36.8%), Type I (inflammation-rich, high IL-6/ZNF580, n = 6, 31.6%), and Type D (immune-desert, low all markers, n = 6, 31.6%). NASs differed significantly ( p = 0.006, Kruskal-Wallis). Type D patients had the highest NAS (5.67 ± 0.82), significantly higher than Type I (3.83 ± 0.98, adj. p = 0.010) and Type M (4.14 ± 0.69, adj. p = 0.023). Fibrosis stage ( p = 0.542) and ALT levels ( p = 0.798) did not differ significantly. Intra-patient dominance analysis revealed macrophage-dominant (73.7%) and ZNF580-dominant (26.3%) cases, with no IL-6-dominant cases. Extreme case analysis showed that isolated high IL-6 (Patient 4) did not cause significant liver injury (NAS = 2, F0), whereas the immune-desert phenotype (Patient 23) presented with advanced bridging fibrosis (F3, NAS = 5) despite low marker expression. In this pilot cohort, our findings suggest that MAFLD may comprise three reproducible immunophenotypic subtypes with distinct histological activity but similar fibrosis burden. The immune-desert subtype is associated with high NAS despite low immune marker expression, suggesting immune-independent fibrogenic pathways. These findings provide a framework for precision immunophenotyping and subtype-targeted therapeutic strategies in MAFLD. However, due to the exploratory nature of this study and the small exploratory pilot cohort ( n = 19), our findings should be considered hypothesis-generating and require validation in larger cohorts.
Related
- Immunophenotypic Features of T-Lymphocyte Distribution Across Histological and Molecular Subtypes of Serous Ovarian Neoplasms: A Retrospective Immunohistochemical Study
- Machine learning clustering of multidimensional clinical features identifies four prognostically distinct sepsis subtypes
- Neuroanatomical Subtypes of Schizophrenia Reveal Divergent Atrophy Trajectories and Distinct Associations with Long-Term Clozapine Use
- Single-Cell Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Distinct Pathogenic Subtypes in Hepatocyte- and Cholangiocyte-Directed Autoimmune Liver Injury
- Mediterranean Diet, Physical Activity, and Sleep in Endometriosis: An Age-Comparable Case-Control Study with Exploratory Machine Learning Discrimination
BibTeX
@article{ding2026immunophenotypic,
title = {{Immunophenotypic subtypes of MAFLD distinct activity, comparable fibrosis}},
author = {Yuping Ding and Mingxia Chen and Fanhong Kong and Taotao liu and Li Zhu and Wencheng Zhang and Hong Yu and Shihai Xia},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-60628-1},
url = {https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-60628-1},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Immunophenotypic subtypes of MAFLD distinct activity, comparable fibrosis
AU - Yuping Ding
AU - Mingxia Chen
AU - Fanhong Kong
AU - Taotao liu
AU - Li Zhu
AU - Wencheng Zhang
AU - Hong Yu
AU - Shihai Xia
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/09
JO - Scientific Reports
DO - 10.1038/s41598-026-60628-1
UR - https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-026-60628-1
AB - Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) shows significant inter-patient heterogeneity, likely due to differences in the hepatic immune microenvironment. We aimed to identify clinically meaningful immunophenotypic subtypes based on quantitative expression of CD68, CD163, IL-6, and ZNF580. Liver biopsies from 19 patients with biopsy-proven MAFLD were analyzed. Immunohistochemical positive rates and counts for CD68, CD163, IL-6, and ZNF580 were quantified using digital image analysis. Hierarchical clustering identified patient subtypes. Clinical parameters, NAS, fibrosis stage, and ALT levels were compared across subtypes. Results : Three stable immunophenotypic subtypes were identified: Type M (macrophage-rich, high CD68/CD163, n = 7, 36.8%), Type I (inflammation-rich, high IL-6/ZNF580, n = 6, 31.6%), and Type D (immune-desert, low all markers, n = 6, 31.6%). NASs differed significantly ( p = 0.006, Kruskal-Wallis). Type D patients had the highest NAS (5.67 ± 0.82), significantly higher than Type I (3.83 ± 0.98, adj. p = 0.010) and Type M (4.14 ± 0.69, adj. p = 0.023). Fibrosis stage ( p = 0.542) and ALT levels ( p = 0.798) did not differ significantly. Intra-patient dominance analysis revealed macrophage-dominant (73.7%) and ZNF580-dominant (26.3%) cases, with no IL-6-dominant cases. Extreme case analysis showed that isolated high IL-6 (Patient 4) did not cause significant liver injury (NAS = 2, F0), whereas the immune-desert phenotype (Patient 23) presented with advanced bridging fibrosis (F3, NAS = 5) despite low marker expression. In this pilot cohort, our findings suggest that MAFLD may comprise three reproducible immunophenotypic subtypes with distinct histological activity but similar fibrosis burden. The immune-desert subtype is associated with high NAS despite low immune marker expression, suggesting immune-independent fibrogenic pathways. These findings provide a framework for precision immunophenotyping and subtype-targeted therapeutic strategies in MAFLD. However, due to the exploratory nature of this study and the small exploratory pilot cohort ( n = 19), our findings should be considered hypothesis-generating and require validation in larger cohorts.
SN - 2045-2322
ER -