A Control Line Multiplexing Framework for Scalable Quantum Computing
Abstract
Universal fault-tolerant superconducting quantum computers are expected to require millions of physical qubits; yet extending the prevailing dedicated-control-line paradigm to this scale would exceed the wiring density and cooling-power budget of dilution refrigerators. Microwave frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) revolutionized classical communications by enabling many independent channels to share common transmission infrastructure. Translating this principle to superconducting quantum control, however, requires an all-microwave architecture and experimental validation of frequency-multiplexed gate control. Recent work in quantum error correction has demonstrated microwave-based readout, single-qubit gates and leakage suppression, whereas two-qubit gates remain predominantly driven by unipolar pulses and thus constitute the missing element of an all-microwave architecture. Here, we propose a periodically extensible hybrid multiplexing framework in which all gate operations are frequency-division multiplexed using polychromatic microwave pulses and band-pass filters, thereby reducing the required control-line count by one to two orders of magnitude. In a 1:4 demonstration, we achieve average errors of (6.4±0.2)×10−3 for parallel FDM CZ gates and (10.6±0.2)×10−4 for parallel FDM XY(π/2) gates, without statistically significant multiplexing-induced degradation. Together with on-chip DC sources, this FDM-based gate-control scheme completes the last missing module in a scalable multiplexed-control architecture toward universal fault-tolerant quantum computing.
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BibTeX
@misc{li2026control,
title = {{A Control Line Multiplexing Framework for Scalable Quantum Computing}},
author = {Dayu Li and Naibin Zhou and Zhiyuan Chen and Zihua Chen and Yu Xu and Yuan Li and Daojin Fan and Wenhao Chu and Xiawei Chen and Hui Deng and Jiacheng Gui and Linyin Hong and Bo Fan and Weiping Lin and Haonan Zou and Haoxin Lou and Xintao Zhao and Sirui Cao and Ying Chong and Qingling Zhu and Chen Wang and Yisen Hu and Kaili Zhang and Feifan Su and Haibin Zhang and Jianghan Yin and Yajie Du and Yinan Jiang and Haoping Luo and Weifeng Yang and Jiafei Wang and Jin Lin and Futian Liang and Hao Rong and Kai Yan and Ming Gong and Jinjin Li and Maliang Liu and Cheng-Zhi Peng and Shaowei Li and Xiaobo Zhu and Jian-Wei Pan},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.35227},
eprint = {2610.35227},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.35227},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - A Control Line Multiplexing Framework for Scalable Quantum Computing
AU - Dayu Li
AU - Naibin Zhou
AU - Zhiyuan Chen
AU - Zihua Chen
AU - Yu Xu
AU - Yuan Li
AU - Daojin Fan
AU - Wenhao Chu
AU - Xiawei Chen
AU - Hui Deng
AU - Jiacheng Gui
AU - Linyin Hong
AU - Bo Fan
AU - Weiping Lin
AU - Haonan Zou
AU - Haoxin Lou
AU - Xintao Zhao
AU - Sirui Cao
AU - Ying Chong
AU - Qingling Zhu
AU - Chen Wang
AU - Yisen Hu
AU - Kaili Zhang
AU - Feifan Su
AU - Haibin Zhang
AU - Jianghan Yin
AU - Yajie Du
AU - Yinan Jiang
AU - Haoping Luo
AU - Weifeng Yang
AU - Jiafei Wang
AU - Jin Lin
AU - Futian Liang
AU - Hao Rong
AU - Kai Yan
AU - Ming Gong
AU - Jinjin Li
AU - Maliang Liu
AU - Cheng-Zhi Peng
AU - Shaowei Li
AU - Xiaobo Zhu
AU - Jian-Wei Pan
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/28
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.35227
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.35227
AB - Universal fault-tolerant superconducting quantum computers are expected to require millions of physical qubits; yet extending the prevailing dedicated-control-line paradigm to this scale would exceed the wiring density and cooling-power budget of dilution refrigerators. Microwave frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) revolutionized classical communications by enabling many independent channels to share common transmission infrastructure. Translating this principle to superconducting quantum control, however, requires an all-microwave architecture and experimental validation of frequency-multiplexed gate control. Recent work in quantum error correction has demonstrated microwave-based readout, single-qubit gates and leakage suppression, whereas two-qubit gates remain predominantly driven by unipolar pulses and thus constitute the missing element of an all-microwave architecture. Here, we propose a periodically extensible hybrid multiplexing framework in which all gate operations are frequency-division multiplexed using polychromatic microwave pulses and band-pass filters, thereby reducing the required control-line count by one to two orders of magnitude. In a 1:4 demonstration, we achieve average errors of (6.4±0.2)×10^−3 for parallel FDM CZ gates and (10.6±0.2)×10^−4 for parallel FDM XY(π/2) gates, without statistically significant multiplexing-induced degradation. Together with on-chip DC sources, this FDM-based gate-control scheme completes the last missing module in a scalable multiplexed-control architecture toward universal fault-tolerant quantum computing.
ER -