Active tissue mechanics drives a diversity of collective flows in uniaxially compressed 3D spheroids
Abstract
Compression can enhance or suppress cell motion and induce coherent rotation in tissue spheroids, but the physical factors governing these responses remain unclear. Using a minimal three-dimensional active vertex model, we examine how tissue mechanics, active driving, and directional alignment shape the response to uniaxial compression. Without alignment, compression enhances transverse motion in solid-like spheroids throughout the tested activity range, whereas fluid-like spheroids switch from acceleration at low activity to slowing at high activity. Changes in contact persistence connect these responses to neighbor exchange. Passive five-cell calculations show that compression reshapes local rearrangement barriers depending on geometry and loading direction; a high-strain increase in the fluid-like mean coexists with many low-barrier paths. With strong alignment, compression induces coherent rotation in solid-like spheroids, while fluid-like spheroids show no comparable rotation. Rotating solids retain more persistent cell contacts than fluids and develop tangential organization of peripheral cells. Controlled perturbations reveal that compression softens a differential-twist mode and activity slows its relaxation. Together, these results link activity-dependent reversal of the speed response and compression-induced coherent rotation to contact dynamics, local rearrangement costs, and active driving. Our findings demonstrate that one minimal model, with parameters representing effective mechanical and active tissue properties, captures diverse collective responses to compression and provides a framework for predicting how different tissues respond to mechanical loading.
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BibTeX
@misc{wang2026active,
title = {{Active tissue mechanics drives a diversity of collective flows in uniaxially compressed 3D spheroids}},
author = {Liyang Wang and Shabeeb Ameen and J. M. Schwarz and Tao Zhang},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.24959},
eprint = {2610.24959},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.24959},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Active tissue mechanics drives a diversity of collective flows in uniaxially compressed 3D spheroids
AU - Liyang Wang
AU - Shabeeb Ameen
AU - J. M. Schwarz
AU - Tao Zhang
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.24959
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.24959
AB - Compression can enhance or suppress cell motion and induce coherent rotation in tissue spheroids, but the physical factors governing these responses remain unclear. Using a minimal three-dimensional active vertex model, we examine how tissue mechanics, active driving, and directional alignment shape the response to uniaxial compression. Without alignment, compression enhances transverse motion in solid-like spheroids throughout the tested activity range, whereas fluid-like spheroids switch from acceleration at low activity to slowing at high activity. Changes in contact persistence connect these responses to neighbor exchange. Passive five-cell calculations show that compression reshapes local rearrangement barriers depending on geometry and loading direction; a high-strain increase in the fluid-like mean coexists with many low-barrier paths. With strong alignment, compression induces coherent rotation in solid-like spheroids, while fluid-like spheroids show no comparable rotation. Rotating solids retain more persistent cell contacts than fluids and develop tangential organization of peripheral cells. Controlled perturbations reveal that compression softens a differential-twist mode and activity slows its relaxation. Together, these results link activity-dependent reversal of the speed response and compression-induced coherent rotation to contact dynamics, local rearrangement costs, and active driving. Our findings demonstrate that one minimal model, with parameters representing effective mechanical and active tissue properties, captures diverse collective responses to compression and provides a framework for predicting how different tissues respond to mechanical loading.
ER -