Effect of Sulfonate-, Phosphonate-, and Lipoate-Functional Modifiers on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Resin
- 1Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Türkiye
- 2Department of Aircraft Airframe Engine Maintenance, Kapadokya University, 50420 Ürgüp, Türkiye
- 3Department of Chemistry, Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, 67100 Zonguldak, Türkiye
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical and thermal properties of heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin modified with different concentrations of sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (SO), 5,5-bis(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)pentyl methacrylate (PO), and 5,5-bis(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)pentyl lipoate (LIP). Materials and Methods: Heat-polymerized PMMA specimens were divided into a control group and experimental groups modified with 2%, 3%, or 5% SO, PO, or LIP (n = 8 per group). Maximum deflection, flexural strength, and Young’s modulus were determined using a three-point bending test. Surface hardness was evaluated using the Vickers hardness test, thermal behavior was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (modifier type × concentration) with Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons, and comparisons including the control group were performed using Welch’s or one-way ANOVA followed by Tamhane’s T2 or Bonferroni post hoc tests, depending on the homogeneity of variances (α = 0.05). Results: Modifier type significantly affected maximum deflection, flexural strength, Young’s modulus, and Vickers hardness of specimens. The LIP-containing groups showed the highest mean deflection values but significantly lower flexural strength, Young’s modulus, and hardness than the control group. In contrast, the SO-containing groups generally maintained mechanical properties closer to those of unmodified PMMA. TGA showed that all modifiers altered the thermal degradation profile of PMMA, with PO increasing the main degradation temperature by approximately 40 °C. Conclusions: The investigated modifiers produced distinct, modifier-dependent changes in the mechanical and thermal behavior of heat-polymerized PMMA. Although LIP increased deformation capacity, this occurred at the expense of flexural strength and stiffness. SO and PO modifications showed comparatively smaller changes in mechanical properties at selected concentrations. Further studies including direct fracture-toughness, fatigue, and clinically relevant aging assessments are required to determine whether these modifications provide functional advantages for denture base applications.
Related
- Synthesis and Functional Properties of Fluorinated Phosphonate‐Substituted Porphyrins: Excellent Photosensitizers and Robust Precursors for Photoactive Langmuir–Schaefer Films
- Direct Laser Writing of Functional Material with Independently Tunable Electrical and Mechanical Properties
- Porosity Formation Mechanisms and Their Effects on the Mechanical Properties of High-Density Polyethylene Extrusion Welds
- Investigation of the effect of gamma radiation on the mechanical properties of nanoclay-reinforced composite plates
- Effect of Hexagonal Boron Nitride (h-BN) Content on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)-Printed PETG Composites
BibTeX
@article{erdal2026effect,
title = {{Effect of Sulfonate-, Phosphonate-, and Lipoate-Functional Modifiers on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Resin}},
author = {Selda Gökçe Erdal and Merve Acar and Ayşegül Köroğlu and Baki Hazer},
journal = {Polymers},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.3390/polym18202472},
url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2472},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Effect of Sulfonate-, Phosphonate-, and Lipoate-Functional Modifiers on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Polymethyl Methacrylate Denture Base Resin
AU - Selda Gökçe Erdal
AU - Merve Acar
AU - Ayşegül Köroğlu
AU - Baki Hazer
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/01
JO - Polymers
DO - 10.3390/polym18202472
UR - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/20/2472
AB - Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical and thermal properties of heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base resin modified with different concentrations of sodium 4-styrenesulfonate (SO), 5,5-bis(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)pentyl methacrylate (PO), and 5,5-bis(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)pentyl lipoate (LIP). Materials and Methods: Heat-polymerized PMMA specimens were divided into a control group and experimental groups modified with 2%, 3%, or 5% SO, PO, or LIP (n = 8 per group). Maximum deflection, flexural strength, and Young’s modulus were determined using a three-point bending test. Surface hardness was evaluated using the Vickers hardness test, thermal behavior was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and fracture surfaces were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA (modifier type × concentration) with Bonferroni-adjusted pairwise comparisons, and comparisons including the control group were performed using Welch’s or one-way ANOVA followed by Tamhane’s T2 or Bonferroni post hoc tests, depending on the homogeneity of variances (α = 0.05). Results: Modifier type significantly affected maximum deflection, flexural strength, Young’s modulus, and Vickers hardness of specimens. The LIP-containing groups showed the highest mean deflection values but significantly lower flexural strength, Young’s modulus, and hardness than the control group. In contrast, the SO-containing groups generally maintained mechanical properties closer to those of unmodified PMMA. TGA showed that all modifiers altered the thermal degradation profile of PMMA, with PO increasing the main degradation temperature by approximately 40 °C. Conclusions: The investigated modifiers produced distinct, modifier-dependent changes in the mechanical and thermal behavior of heat-polymerized PMMA. Although LIP increased deformation capacity, this occurred at the expense of flexural strength and stiffness. SO and PO modifications showed comparatively smaller changes in mechanical properties at selected concentrations. Further studies including direct fracture-toughness, fatigue, and clinically relevant aging assessments are required to determine whether these modifications provide functional advantages for denture base applications.
SN - 2073-4360
ER -