Black holes in thermal bath live shorter: Implications for primordial black holes
Abstract
Hawking radiation from a non- extremal black hole is known to be approximately Planckian. The thermal spectrum receives multiple corrections including greybody factors and due to kinematical restrictions on the infrared and ultraviolet frequencies. We show that another significant correction to the spectrum arises if the black hole is assumed to live in a thermal bath and the emitted radiation gets thermalised at the bath temperature. This modification reshapes the thermal spectrum, and leads to appreciable deviation from standard results including modification in the decay rate of black holes. We argue that this altered decay rate has significance for cosmology and, in a realistic setting, show that it alters the life time of primordial black holes (PBHs) in the early universe. In particular, the very light PBHs formed right after the end of inflation decay faster which may have interesting phenomenological implications.
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BibTeX
@article{kalita2026black,
title = {{Black holes in thermal bath live shorter: Implications for primordial black holes}},
author = {Jitumani Kalita and Debaprasad Maity and Ayan Chatterjee},
journal = {Physics Letters B},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1016/j.physletb.2026.141062},
url = {https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0370269326009123},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Black holes in thermal bath live shorter: Implications for primordial black holes
AU - Jitumani Kalita
AU - Debaprasad Maity
AU - Ayan Chatterjee
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/30
JO - Physics Letters B
DO - 10.1016/j.physletb.2026.141062
UR - https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0370269326009123
AB - Hawking radiation from a non- extremal black hole is known to be approximately Planckian. The thermal spectrum receives multiple corrections including greybody factors and due to kinematical restrictions on the infrared and ultraviolet frequencies. We show that another significant correction to the spectrum arises if the black hole is assumed to live in a thermal bath and the emitted radiation gets thermalised at the bath temperature. This modification reshapes the thermal spectrum, and leads to appreciable deviation from standard results including modification in the decay rate of black holes. We argue that this altered decay rate has significance for cosmology and, in a realistic setting, show that it alters the life time of primordial black holes (PBHs) in the early universe. In particular, the very light PBHs formed right after the end of inflation decay faster which may have interesting phenomenological implications.
SN - 0370-2693
SN - 1873-2445
ER -