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PreprintCC BYChemRxiv

CuPd Dilute Alloys Enhance Stability During CO2 Electroreduction in Zero-Gap Electrolyzers

  • Arma Yau Musa1,2,3
  • Mohd Monis Ayyub4
  • Laura Flyckt1,2
  • Michael Wilms1,2,3
  • Andrew Yankovich5,2
  • Jiawei Huang6,7
  • Lunjie Zeng5,2
  • Esraa Darwish1,2
  • Qian Sun8,9
  • Rongyi Wang8,9
  • Eva Olsson5,2
  • Lizhou Fan6,7
3 more authors
  • Brian Seger4
  • Joakim Halldin Stenlid1,2
  • Mathilde Luneau1,2,3
9 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
  2. 2Chalmers University of Technology
  3. 3Competence Centre for Catalysis (KCK
  4. 4Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 312, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
  5. 5Department of Physics and Astronomy
  6. 6Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM
  7. 7Linköping University
  8. 8Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
  9. 9University of Toronto
Open at sourceDOICite

Abstract

Copper is uniquely capable of driving CO2 electroreduction toward multicarbon products, yet its performance deteriorates under industrially relevant conditions due to surface restructuring and increased hydrogen evolution. In this work, we systematically evaluate dilute CuPd alloy nanoparticles with controlled Pd content (2-6 at.%) and well-defined size distribution in a zerogap electrolyzer across current densities ranging from 100 to 300 mA cm-2. We demonstrate that dilute alloying improves the stability of the nanoparticles. At high current densities (200-300 mA cm-2), monometallic Cu undergoes significant degradation, while CuPd dilute alloys exhibit improved multicarbon selectivity and reduced hydrogen evolution. This behavior is attributed to stabilization of active sites against Cu oxidation and restructuring under high-rate while retaining the good selectivity of Cu, which is supported by in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy and first principles calculations. An optimal Pd content (ca. 4.5 at.%) is identified to offer the best balance between stability, performance and Pd atom efficiency. These findings demonstrate that dilute Pd

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{musa2026cupd,
  title = {{CuPd Dilute Alloys Enhance Stability During CO2 Electroreduction in Zero-Gap Electrolyzers}},
  author = {Arma Yau Musa and Mohd Monis Ayyub and Laura Flyckt and Michael Wilms and Andrew Yankovich and Jiawei Huang and Lunjie Zeng and Esraa Darwish and Qian Sun and Rongyi Wang and Eva Olsson and Lizhou Fan and Brian Seger and Joakim Halldin Stenlid and Mathilde Luneau},
  howpublished = {ChemRxiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.26434/chemrxiv.15010808/v1},
  url = {https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010808/v1},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - CuPd Dilute Alloys Enhance Stability During CO2 Electroreduction in Zero-Gap Electrolyzers
AU  - Arma Yau Musa
AU  - Mohd Monis Ayyub
AU  - Laura Flyckt
AU  - Michael Wilms
AU  - Andrew Yankovich
AU  - Jiawei Huang
AU  - Lunjie Zeng
AU  - Esraa Darwish
AU  - Qian Sun
AU  - Rongyi Wang
AU  - Eva Olsson
AU  - Lizhou Fan
AU  - Brian Seger
AU  - Joakim Halldin Stenlid
AU  - Mathilde Luneau
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/21
PB  - ChemRxiv
DO  - 10.26434/chemrxiv.15010808/v1
UR  - https://chemrxiv.org/doi/full/10.26434/chemrxiv.15010808/v1
AB  - Copper is uniquely capable of driving CO2 electroreduction toward multicarbon products, yet its performance deteriorates under industrially relevant conditions due to surface restructuring and increased hydrogen evolution. In this work, we systematically evaluate dilute CuPd alloy nanoparticles with controlled Pd content (2-6 at.%) and well-defined size distribution in a zerogap electrolyzer across current densities ranging from 100 to 300 mA cm-2. We demonstrate that dilute alloying improves the stability of the nanoparticles. At high current densities (200-300 mA cm-2), monometallic Cu undergoes significant degradation, while CuPd dilute alloys exhibit improved multicarbon selectivity and reduced hydrogen evolution. This behavior is attributed to stabilization of active sites against Cu oxidation and restructuring under high-rate while retaining the good selectivity of Cu, which is supported by in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy and first principles calculations. An optimal Pd content (ca. 4.5 at.%) is identified to offer the best balance between stability, performance and Pd atom efficiency. These findings demonstrate that dilute Pd
ER  -