Gas Phase Distribution in the Neutral ISM: A Comparison between Observation and Numerical Simulation
Abstract
The neutral hydrogen (Hi) 21-cm line serves as a powerful tracer of the neutral interstellar medium (ISM). Thermal stability analysis suggests that the neutral ISM is bistable in nature, consisting of the cold neutral medium (CNM) embedded within the warm neutral medium (WNM), both in approximate thermal pressure equilibrium. When turbulence is incorporated into the numerical simulations, a third thermally unstable medium (UNM) emerges between the CNM and the WNM. Although observational studies support the existence of this intermediate phase, a clear empirical correlation between the fraction of the UNM gas and the strength of the turbulence remains elusive. In this study, we investigate the various phases of neutral ISM using Hi 21-cm emission-absorption spectra from the publicly available GWA and LAB surveys. We compare our results with several numerical simulations, including TIGRESS-NCR and TIGRESS-CLASSIC, and find that our results are more closely consistent with TIGRESS-NCR than with TIGRESS-CLASSIC. From our observational modeling, we find that 19.8% of the gas reside in the CNM phase, 32.5% in the UNM phase, and 47.8% in the WNM phase, assuming phase boundaries defined by spin temperature: T_s < 250 K for the CNM, 250 K < T_s < 4000 K for the UNM, and T s > 4000 K for the WNM. We further expect that deep, sensitive absorption studies with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) or the Next Generation Very Large Array (ngVLA), capable of robustly detecting WNM clouds in absorption will place more tighter observational constraints on the fraction of the gas in three different phases of the neutral ISM.
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BibTeX
@misc{koley2026phase,
title = {{Gas Phase Distribution in the Neutral ISM: A Comparison between Observation and Numerical Simulation}},
author = {Atanu Koley},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2605.10711},
eprint = {2605.10711},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.10711},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Gas Phase Distribution in the Neutral ISM: A Comparison between Observation and Numerical Simulation
AU - Atanu Koley
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/14
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2605.10711
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.10711
AB - The neutral hydrogen (Hi) 21-cm line serves as a powerful tracer of the neutral interstellar medium (ISM). Thermal stability analysis suggests that the neutral ISM is bistable in nature, consisting of the cold neutral medium (CNM) embedded within the warm neutral medium (WNM), both in approximate thermal pressure equilibrium. When turbulence is incorporated into the numerical simulations, a third thermally unstable medium (UNM) emerges between the CNM and the WNM. Although observational studies support the existence of this intermediate phase, a clear empirical correlation between the fraction of the UNM gas and the strength of the turbulence remains elusive. In this study, we investigate the various phases of neutral ISM using Hi 21-cm emission-absorption spectra from the publicly available GWA and LAB surveys. We compare our results with several numerical simulations, including TIGRESS-NCR and TIGRESS-CLASSIC, and find that our results are more closely consistent with TIGRESS-NCR than with TIGRESS-CLASSIC. From our observational modeling, we find that 19.8% of the gas reside in the CNM phase, 32.5% in the UNM phase, and 47.8% in the WNM phase, assuming phase boundaries defined by spin temperature: T_s < 250 K for the CNM, 250 K < T_s < 4000 K for the UNM, and T s > 4000 K for the WNM. We further expect that deep, sensitive absorption studies with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA) or the Next Generation Very Large Array (ngVLA), capable of robustly detecting WNM clouds in absorption will place more tighter observational constraints on the fraction of the gas in three different phases of the neutral ISM.
ER -