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Peer-reviewedCC BYScientific Reports

The infraslow fluctuation of sigma power during sleep and its links to markers of arousal and memory reactivation across development

  • Maria E. Dimitriades1,2,3
  • Alejandro Osorio-Forero4
  • Sara Fattinger5,1,2
  • Simone von Arx1,2
  • Salomé Kurth5,6,7
  • Fiona Pugin8
  • Valeria Jaramillo1,2,9,10
  • Carina Volk11,2
  • Elena Krugliakova1,2,12
  • Melanie Furrer1,2
  • Sven Leach1,2
  • Peter Achermann13
2 more authors
  • Miriam Gerstenberg2,3
  • Reto Huber14,15,16,17
17 affiliations
  1. 1Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  2. 2Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  3. 3Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  4. 4Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Sleep and Cognition, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  5. 5Center of Competence Sleep & Health Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  6. 6Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
  7. 7Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  8. 8Eudox Statistische Beratung, Basel, 4031, Switzerland
  9. 9School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
  10. 10Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
  11. 11Center for MR Research, University Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
  12. 12Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
  13. 13Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
  14. 14Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [email protected]
  15. 15Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [email protected]
  16. 16Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [email protected]
  17. 17Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. [email protected]
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Abstract

Sleep is both a state of disconnection from the environment and a critical period for restoration. But how does sleep balance responsiveness with the protection of key functions? The infraslow fluctuation of sigma power (ISFS)-the clustering of sleep spindles over 10-100 s-is thought to regulate this trade-off in rodents by alternating between fragile periods of high arousability and protected periods of spindle-rich stability. However, the organization of arousal and memory reactivation markers within the human ISFS and its conservation in younger ages remain unclear. This study characterizes the ISFS from childhood to young adulthood (N = 154; ages 8-26), examining its relationship with electrophysiological markers of arousal (i.e., microarousals) and memory reactivation (i.e., slow wave-sleep spindle coupling). Results indicate that the ISFS is present across all ages, with frequency, variability, and strength increasing from early to late adolescence. Notably, electrophysiological markers of arousal and memory reactivation are organized within the spindle-rich ISFS peak. The consistent presence and organization of the ISFS suggest it may be intrinsic to sleep, with adolescence marking a dynamic window. These insights may guide interventions to promote healthier sleep across development.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{dimitriades2026infraslow,
  title = {{The infraslow fluctuation of sigma power during sleep and its links to markers of arousal and memory reactivation across development}},
  author = {Maria E. Dimitriades and Alejandro Osorio-Forero and Sara Fattinger and Simone von Arx and Salomé Kurth and Fiona Pugin and Valeria Jaramillo and Carina Volk and Elena Krugliakova and Melanie Furrer and Sven Leach and Peter Achermann and Miriam Gerstenberg and Reto Huber},
  journal = {Scientific Reports},
  year = {2026},
  month = jun,
  doi = {10.1038/s41598-026-58423-z},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-58423-z},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - The infraslow fluctuation of sigma power during sleep and its links to markers of arousal and memory reactivation across development
AU  - Maria E. Dimitriades
AU  - Alejandro Osorio-Forero
AU  - Sara Fattinger
AU  - Simone von Arx
AU  - Salomé Kurth
AU  - Fiona Pugin
AU  - Valeria Jaramillo
AU  - Carina Volk
AU  - Elena Krugliakova
AU  - Melanie Furrer
AU  - Sven Leach
AU  - Peter Achermann
AU  - Miriam Gerstenberg
AU  - Reto Huber
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/06/17
JO  - Scientific Reports
DO  - 10.1038/s41598-026-58423-z
UR  - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-58423-z
AB  - Sleep is both a state of disconnection from the environment and a critical period for restoration. But how does sleep balance responsiveness with the protection of key functions? The infraslow fluctuation of sigma power (ISFS)-the clustering of sleep spindles over 10-100 s-is thought to regulate this trade-off in rodents by alternating between fragile periods of high arousability and protected periods of spindle-rich stability. However, the organization of arousal and memory reactivation markers within the human ISFS and its conservation in younger ages remain unclear. This study characterizes the ISFS from childhood to young adulthood (N = 154; ages 8-26), examining its relationship with electrophysiological markers of arousal (i.e., microarousals) and memory reactivation (i.e., slow wave-sleep spindle coupling). Results indicate that the ISFS is present across all ages, with frequency, variability, and strength increasing from early to late adolescence. Notably, electrophysiological markers of arousal and memory reactivation are organized within the spindle-rich ISFS peak. The consistent presence and organization of the ISFS suggest it may be intrinsic to sleep, with adolescence marking a dynamic window. These insights may guide interventions to promote healthier sleep across development.
SN  - 2045-2322
ER  -