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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

Ten years since the NGC 6334I-MM1 accretion outburst: the impact on its environment

  • G C MacLeod1,2,3,4
  • A Caratti o Garatti5
  • W A Baan1,6
  • D P Smits7
  • T R Hunter8
  • C L Brogan8,9
  • J O Chibueze7,10
  • R A Burns11
  • B Stecklum12
  • V Wolf12
  • J M Vorster13
  • A Jengis1,2
2 more authors
  • J Esimbek1,2
  • J Quick4
13 affiliations
  1. 1State Key Laboratory of Radio Astronomy and Technology, Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, CAS , 150 Science 1-Street, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830011 ,
  2. 2University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100080 ,
  3. 3The Open University of Tanzania , P.O. Box 23409, Dar-Es-Salaam ,
  4. 4Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory , PO Box 443, Krugersdorp, 1741 ,
  5. 5Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica Osservatorio Astronomico di Capodimonte Napoli Salita Moiariello , 16, 80131 - Napoli ,
  6. 6Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy , ASTRON, 7991 PD, Dwingeloo ,
  7. 7UNISA Centre for Astrophysics and Space Sciences (UCASS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Cnr Christian de Wet Rd and Pioneer Avenue , Florida Park, 1709, Roodepoort ,
  8. 8National Radio Astronomy Observatory , 520 Edgemont Rd, Charlottesville, VA 22903 ,
  9. 9University of Virginia Department of Astronomy, , P.O. Box 3818, Charlottesville, VA 22904 ,
  10. 10Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Nigeria Department of Physics and Astronomy, , Carver Building, 1 University Road, Nsukka, 410001
  11. 11Mizusawa VLBI Observatory, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588 ,
  12. 12Thüringer Landessternwarte , Sternwarte 5, 07778 Tautenburg ,
  13. 13University of Helsinki Department of Physics, , P.O. box 64, FI- 00014 ,
Open at sourcePDFDOICite

Abstract

Ten years on, flaring continues in masers associated with NGC 6334I-MM1. Methanol and hydroxyl masers are nearing quiescent values, but water features remain elevated. Several more 1.665 GHz hydroxyl masers, notably, that flared during the accretion event in NGC 6334I-MM1, are identified and presented. Some hydroxyl masers appear to have been active prior to the 2015 event. Possible explanations are discussed. The radial infrared expansion speed during the accretion event is estimated to be ~1.8 AU d−1. However, the expansion speed along the North-South outflow is about ten times faster (~18 AU d−1). The maser flaring activity illuminated clumpy structure in NGC 6334I-MM1. Quasi-periodicity is reported after the 2015 accretion event in the total integrated 12.2 GHz methanol emission, predominantly in v12.2 = [ − 12.0, −9.9] km s−1, after the accretion event in NGC 6334I-MM1. It is not certain if the periodic masers are located in NGC 6334I-MM1, -MM2, or -MM3. The magnetic field, measured from the Zeeman splitting of two ground state hydroxyl lines, undergoes changes before and after the flare.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{macleod2026years,
  title = {{Ten years since the NGC 6334I-MM1 accretion outburst: the impact on its environment}},
  author = {G C MacLeod and A Caratti o Garatti and W A Baan and D P Smits and T R Hunter and C L Brogan and J O Chibueze and R A Burns and B Stecklum and V Wolf and J M Vorster and A Jengis and J Esimbek and J Quick},
  journal = {Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1093/mnras/stag1845},
  url = {https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1845/8865301},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Ten years since the NGC 6334I-MM1 accretion outburst: the impact on its environment
AU  - G C MacLeod
AU  - A Caratti o Garatti
AU  - W A Baan
AU  - D P Smits
AU  - T R Hunter
AU  - C L Brogan
AU  - J O Chibueze
AU  - R A Burns
AU  - B Stecklum
AU  - V Wolf
AU  - J M Vorster
AU  - A Jengis
AU  - J Esimbek
AU  - J Quick
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/05
JO  - Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
DO  - 10.1093/mnras/stag1845
UR  - https://academic.oup.com/mnras/advance-article/doi/10.1093/mnras/stag1845/8865301
AB  - Ten years on, flaring continues in masers associated with NGC 6334I-MM1. Methanol and hydroxyl masers are nearing quiescent values, but water features remain elevated. Several more 1.665 GHz hydroxyl masers, notably, that flared during the accretion event in NGC 6334I-MM1, are identified and presented. Some hydroxyl masers appear to have been active prior to the 2015 event. Possible explanations are discussed. The radial infrared expansion speed during the accretion event is estimated to be ~1.8 AU d−1. However, the expansion speed along the North-South outflow is about ten times faster (~18 AU d−1). The maser flaring activity illuminated clumpy structure in NGC 6334I-MM1. Quasi-periodicity is reported after the 2015 accretion event in the total integrated 12.2 GHz methanol emission, predominantly in v12.2 = [ − 12.0, −9.9] km s−1, after the accretion event in NGC 6334I-MM1. It is not certain if the periodic masers are located in NGC 6334I-MM1, -MM2, or -MM3. The magnetic field, measured from the Zeeman splitting of two ground state hydroxyl lines, undergoes changes before and after the flare.
SN  - 0035-8711
SN  - 1365-2966
ER  -