High energy ball milling as a strategy to improve electrochemical performance in sodium titanate anodes.
- 1School of Chemical, Materials and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield Sheffield S1 3JD UK [email protected] [email protected].
Abstract
High energy ball milling has emerged as a method for both mechanosynthesis and post processing to control the particle size and crystallinity in Li and Na ion battery materials. Sequentially higher ball milling speeds were applied to commercially available Na2Ti3O7 as a post-processing method, followed by chemical and electrochemical characterisation. At lower milling speeds, the Na2Ti3O7 phase was preserved, but with some degradation of crystallinity and phase. At higher milling speeds, full amorphitisation occurred, followed by recrystallisation into the rarely-observed trigonal Na4Ti5O12 phase. The sequential changes in electrochemical properties of the materials following increasing ball mill speeds are reported, with the partially degraded Na2Ti3O7 showing increases in specific capacity which we attribute to a decrease in crystallite size and associated access to kinetically limited sites. Trigonal Na4Ti5O12 by contrast, is measured to have superior rate capability (40 mA h g-1 at 5C), and high cycle stability, alongside a promising specific capacity of 115 mA h g-1 after 50 cycles. This material is therefore a promising anode candidate for Na-ion batteries.
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BibTeX
@article{kumari2026high,
title = {{High energy ball milling as a strategy to improve electrochemical performance in sodium titanate anodes.}},
author = {Pooja Kumari and Yining Li and Rebecca Boston},
journal = {RSC advances},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.1039/d6ra04923k},
url = {https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953217},
note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - High energy ball milling as a strategy to improve electrochemical performance in sodium titanate anodes.
AU - Pooja Kumari
AU - Yining Li
AU - Rebecca Boston
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/28
JO - RSC advances
DO - 10.1039/d6ra04923k
UR - https://europepmc.org/article/MED/42953217
AB - High energy ball milling has emerged as a method for both mechanosynthesis and post processing to control the particle size and crystallinity in Li and Na ion battery materials. Sequentially higher ball milling speeds were applied to commercially available Na2Ti3O7 as a post-processing method, followed by chemical and electrochemical characterisation. At lower milling speeds, the Na2Ti3O7 phase was preserved, but with some degradation of crystallinity and phase. At higher milling speeds, full amorphitisation occurred, followed by recrystallisation into the rarely-observed trigonal Na4Ti5O12 phase. The sequential changes in electrochemical properties of the materials following increasing ball mill speeds are reported, with the partially degraded Na2Ti3O7 showing increases in specific capacity which we attribute to a decrease in crystallite size and associated access to kinetically limited sites. Trigonal Na4Ti5O12 by contrast, is measured to have superior rate capability (40 mA h g-1 at 5C), and high cycle stability, alongside a promising specific capacity of 115 mA h g-1 after 50 cycles. This material is therefore a promising anode candidate for Na-ion batteries.
SN - 2046-2069
ER -