Composite Adaptive Higher-Order Control Barrier Functions for Joint Frequency-RoCoF Safety in Low-Inertia SIDS Microgrids
Abstract
Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face simultaneous frequency nadir and rate-of-change-of-frequency (RoCoF) violations under high renewable penetration. This paper proposes a \emph{Composite Adaptive Higher-Order Control Barrier Function} (CA-HOCBF) for BESS-coupled virtual synchronous generators that jointly enforces IEEE~1547 frequency (±0.8\,Hz) and ENTSO-E RoCoF (±1\,Hz/s) limits as hard safety constraints under parametric uncertainty. The method unifies three tools: (i)~a dual barrier architecture with a zeroing CBF for frequency and an algebraic RoCoF constraint with a robust inertia-floor fallback; (ii)~a composite energy function coupling logarithmic safety barriers with quadratic parameter and disturbance error terms, which drives safety-weighted adaptation; and (iii)~a disturbance observer integrated into the barrier dynamics. We prove that the closed-form QP is always feasible under a BESS capacity condition and, under explicitly stated assumptions, that the composite energy remains finite along trajectories, rendering the joint safe set forward invariant \emph{without requiring parameter convergence}. Simulation on a 10\,MW Caribbean microgrid (H=2\,s, 70\% renewables) shows the CA-HOCBF eliminates all frequency and RoCoF violations under a compound disturbance, achieving steady-state error of 0.001\,Hz and RoCoF of 0.50\,Hz/s, where fixed-gain VSGs suffer a 0.62\,Hz offset with 2.25\,Hz/s RoCoF violations.
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BibTeX
@misc{ramharack2026composite,
title = {{Composite Adaptive Higher-Order Control Barrier Functions for Joint Frequency-RoCoF Safety in Low-Inertia SIDS Microgrids}},
author = {Shankar Ramharack and Jonathan Nancoo and Rajiv Sahadeo},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.23123},
eprint = {2609.23123},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.23123},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Composite Adaptive Higher-Order Control Barrier Functions for Joint Frequency-RoCoF Safety in Low-Inertia SIDS Microgrids
AU - Shankar Ramharack
AU - Jonathan Nancoo
AU - Rajiv Sahadeo
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/19
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.23123
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.23123
AB - Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face simultaneous frequency nadir and rate-of-change-of-frequency (RoCoF) violations under high renewable penetration. This paper proposes a \emph{Composite Adaptive Higher-Order Control Barrier Function} (CA-HOCBF) for BESS-coupled virtual synchronous generators that jointly enforces IEEE~1547 frequency (±0.8\,Hz) and ENTSO-E RoCoF (±1\,Hz/s) limits as hard safety constraints under parametric uncertainty. The method unifies three tools: (i)~a dual barrier architecture with a zeroing CBF for frequency and an algebraic RoCoF constraint with a robust inertia-floor fallback; (ii)~a composite energy function coupling logarithmic safety barriers with quadratic parameter and disturbance error terms, which drives safety-weighted adaptation; and (iii)~a disturbance observer integrated into the barrier dynamics. We prove that the closed-form QP is always feasible under a BESS capacity condition and, under explicitly stated assumptions, that the composite energy remains finite along trajectories, rendering the joint safe set forward invariant \emph{without requiring parameter convergence}. Simulation on a 10\,MW Caribbean microgrid (H=2\,s, 70\% renewables) shows the CA-HOCBF eliminates all frequency and RoCoF violations under a compound disturbance, achieving steady-state error of 0.001\,Hz and RoCoF of 0.50\,Hz/s, where fixed-gain VSGs suffer a 0.62\,Hz offset with 2.25\,Hz/s RoCoF violations.
ER -