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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Polymers

Microhardness and Abrasive Wear-Induced Material Loss in FDM-Printed PLA, PETG, ABS, ASA, and Fe-Filled PLA

  • Mustafa Tekin1
  • Şükrü Kaya2,3
  • Görkem Yumuşak4
4 affiliations
  1. 1Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Türkiye
  2. 2Center for Nanotechnology and Biomaterials Applications and Research (NBUAM), Marmara University, 34854 Istanbul, Türkiye
  3. 3Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Bitlis Eren University, Rahva Campus, 13100 Bitlis, Türkiye
  4. 4Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Campus, M3 Building, 34854 Istanbul, Türkiye
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Abstract

This exploratory study comparatively evaluated the time-dependent abrasive wear-induced material loss, local microhardness, and worn-surface morphology of fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printed PLA, PETG, ABS, ASA, and PLA containing 1 wt.% Fe under controlled wet–abrasive grinding. Two physical cylindrical specimens from the same print build were tested concurrently in opposing holder positions against P180 SiC abrasive paper under continuous water lubrication for 60 min at a normal load of 5 N. After 60 min, cumulative mass losses were 11.1% for PLA, 13.0% for PETG, 22.6% for PLA–1 wt.% Fe, 39.3% for ABS, and 50.1% for ASA. Based on the two specimen-level means, Vickers microhardness (HV0.1) was highest for PLA–1 wt.% Fe (28.5), followed by PLA (22.4) and ABS (13.3), while ASA (11.9) and PETG (11.8) showed very similar values. Optical microscopy and selected SEM/EDS observations revealed material-dependent surface features and showed local Fe detectability in the analyzed regions of the filled PLA. The microhardness ranking did not follow the cumulative material-loss trend, most clearly for Fe-filled PLA and for PETG versus ASA. These results indicate that the local indentation-hardness ranking did not correspond directly to the cumulative mass-loss ranking of the investigated FDM-printed polymers under the selected conditions. For material selection in FDM components subjected to abrasive contact, these findings indicate that local microhardness should not be used alone as a proxy for condition-specific abrasive wear performance.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{tekin2026microhardness,
  title = {{Microhardness and Abrasive Wear-Induced Material Loss in FDM-Printed PLA, PETG, ABS, ASA, and Fe-Filled PLA}},
  author = {Mustafa Tekin and Şükrü Kaya and Görkem Yumuşak},
  journal = {Polymers},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3390/polym18212620},
  url = {https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2620},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Microhardness and Abrasive Wear-Induced Material Loss in FDM-Printed PLA, PETG, ABS, ASA, and Fe-Filled PLA
AU  - Mustafa Tekin
AU  - Şükrü Kaya
AU  - Görkem Yumuşak
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/22
JO  - Polymers
DO  - 10.3390/polym18212620
UR  - https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4360/18/21/2620
AB  - This exploratory study comparatively evaluated the time-dependent abrasive wear-induced material loss, local microhardness, and worn-surface morphology of fused deposition modeling (FDM)-printed PLA, PETG, ABS, ASA, and PLA containing 1 wt.% Fe under controlled wet–abrasive grinding. Two physical cylindrical specimens from the same print build were tested concurrently in opposing holder positions against P180 SiC abrasive paper under continuous water lubrication for 60 min at a normal load of 5 N. After 60 min, cumulative mass losses were 11.1% for PLA, 13.0% for PETG, 22.6% for PLA–1 wt.% Fe, 39.3% for ABS, and 50.1% for ASA. Based on the two specimen-level means, Vickers microhardness (HV0.1) was highest for PLA–1 wt.% Fe (28.5), followed by PLA (22.4) and ABS (13.3), while ASA (11.9) and PETG (11.8) showed very similar values. Optical microscopy and selected SEM/EDS observations revealed material-dependent surface features and showed local Fe detectability in the analyzed regions of the filled PLA. The microhardness ranking did not follow the cumulative material-loss trend, most clearly for Fe-filled PLA and for PETG versus ASA. These results indicate that the local indentation-hardness ranking did not correspond directly to the cumulative mass-loss ranking of the investigated FDM-printed polymers under the selected conditions. For material selection in FDM components subjected to abrasive contact, these findings indicate that local microhardness should not be used alone as a proxy for condition-specific abrasive wear performance.
SN  - 2073-4360
ER  -