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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Astronomy & Astrophysics

A statistical study of the environmental age of core-collapse supernovae based on VLT/MUSE integral-field-unit spectroscopy

  • Qiang Xi1,2
  • Ning-Chen Sun1,2,3
  • Yihan Zhao1,2
  • Emmanouil Zapartas4,5
  • Dimitris Souropanis5
  • Chun Chen6
  • Xiaohan Chen1,7
  • César Rojas-Bravo1,2
  • Justyn R. Maund8
  • Zexi Niu1,2
  • Adam J. Singleton9
  • Anyu Wang1,2
4 more authors
  • Zhiyi Wang1,2
  • Ziyang Wang1,2
  • Junjie Wu2,1
  • Jifeng Liu1,2,3
9 affiliations
  1. 1School of Astronomy and Space Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
  2. 2National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences
  3. 3Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing Normal University
  4. 4Physics Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
  5. 5Institute of Astrophysics, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas
  6. 6School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-sen University
  7. 7School of Physics and Astronomy, China West Normal University
  8. 8Department of Physics, Royal Holloway, University of London
  9. 9School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Sheffield
Open at sourceDOICite

Abstract

Aims. We aim to understand the progenitor channels of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) via a statistical study of the ages of their environments.

Methods. We compiled a large and minimally biased sample of 128 CCSNe discovered by un-targeted wide-field transient surveys and with archival VLT/MUSE integral-field-unit spectroscopy. We measured the local H α luminosity within a 300 pc aperture centered on the SN explosion site as an empirical proxy for the environmental age.

Results. We find that the mean local H α luminosities are ordered as II(P) ≈ IIb ≲ Ib < Ic. The differences between Types II(P), IIb, and Ib, if any, are very small. Type Ic SNe are located in clearly younger environments than the other types.

Conclusions. Our result suggests that Type Ic SNe have much younger and more massive progenitors than the other CCSN types and likely originate from a distinct progenitor channel. The distinction between Types II(P), IIb, and Ib is insensitive to progenitor mass and mainly due to differences in binary separation. In contrast, Type Ic SNe predominantly require much higher-mass progenitors accompanied by close companions with large mass ratios and/or much stronger stellar wind, the latter of which depends sensitively on progenitor mass.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{xi2026statistical,
  title = {{A statistical study of the environmental age of core-collapse supernovae based on VLT/MUSE integral-field-unit spectroscopy}},
  author = {Qiang Xi and Ning-Chen Sun and Yihan Zhao and Emmanouil Zapartas and Dimitris Souropanis and Chun Chen and Xiaohan Chen and César Rojas-Bravo and Justyn R. Maund and Zexi Niu and Adam J. Singleton and Anyu Wang and Zhiyi Wang and Ziyang Wang and Junjie Wu and Jifeng Liu},
  journal = {Astronomy \& Astrophysics},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/202660239},
  url = {https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202660239},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - A statistical study of the environmental age of core-collapse supernovae based on VLT/MUSE integral-field-unit spectroscopy
AU  - Qiang Xi
AU  - Ning-Chen Sun
AU  - Yihan Zhao
AU  - Emmanouil Zapartas
AU  - Dimitris Souropanis
AU  - Chun Chen
AU  - Xiaohan Chen
AU  - César Rojas-Bravo
AU  - Justyn R. Maund
AU  - Zexi Niu
AU  - Adam J. Singleton
AU  - Anyu Wang
AU  - Zhiyi Wang
AU  - Ziyang Wang
AU  - Junjie Wu
AU  - Jifeng Liu
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/30
JO  - Astronomy & Astrophysics
DO  - 10.1051/0004-6361/202660239
UR  - https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202660239
AB  - Aims. We aim to understand the progenitor channels of core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) via a statistical study of the ages of their environments.  Methods. We compiled a large and minimally biased sample of 128 CCSNe discovered by un-targeted wide-field transient surveys and with archival VLT/MUSE integral-field-unit spectroscopy. We measured the local H α luminosity within a 300 pc aperture centered on the SN explosion site as an empirical proxy for the environmental age.  Results. We find that the mean local H α luminosities are ordered as II(P) ≈ IIb ≲ Ib < Ic. The differences between Types II(P), IIb, and Ib, if any, are very small. Type Ic SNe are located in clearly younger environments than the other types.  Conclusions. Our result suggests that Type Ic SNe have much younger and more massive progenitors than the other CCSN types and likely originate from a distinct progenitor channel. The distinction between Types II(P), IIb, and Ib is insensitive to progenitor mass and mainly due to differences in binary separation. In contrast, Type Ic SNe predominantly require much higher-mass progenitors accompanied by close companions with large mass ratios and/or much stronger stellar wind, the latter of which depends sensitively on progenitor mass.
SN  - 0004-6361
SN  - 1432-0746
ER  -