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PreprintCC BY 4.0arXiv

A Universal Constitutive Relation for Static Droplet Retention

  • Lisen Bi
  • Fei Wang
  • Ruize Yin
  • Britta Nestler
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Abstract

Under applied forcing, static droplet retention is accompanied by contact angle asymmetry, with unequal apparent contact angles on opposite sides. Yet, the relation between the asymmetry and forcing lacks a common constitutive basis. Here, we show that the asymmetry emerges from minimizing the forcing-dependent free energy. The response of the asymmetry to forcing defines a susceptibility whose zero-forcing value yields a universal constitutive relation between the asymmetry and forcing. The constitutive relation is quantitatively validated across liquids, volumes, and forcing levels.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{bi2026universal,
  title = {{A Universal Constitutive Relation for Static Droplet Retention}},
  author = {Lisen Bi and Fei Wang and Ruize Yin and Britta Nestler},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.33100},
  eprint = {2610.33100},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33100},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - A Universal Constitutive Relation for Static Droplet Retention
AU  - Lisen Bi
AU  - Fei Wang
AU  - Ruize Yin
AU  - Britta Nestler
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/22
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.33100
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.33100
AB  - Under applied forcing, static droplet retention is accompanied by contact angle asymmetry, with unequal apparent contact angles on opposite sides. Yet, the relation between the asymmetry and forcing lacks a common constitutive basis. Here, we show that the asymmetry emerges from minimizing the forcing-dependent free energy. The response of the asymmetry to forcing defines a susceptibility whose zero-forcing value yields a universal constitutive relation between the asymmetry and forcing. The constitutive relation is quantitatively validated across liquids, volumes, and forcing levels.
ER  -