A breath of fresh air: Oxygen enhancement from silicate sublimation during early protostellar evolution
Abstract
Recently, an analog to the t = 0 moment of our Solar System's meteoritic record was identified for the first time around the Class I protostar HOPS-315. Crystalline silicates were found to recondense from SiO gas that cools as it advects upward from a hot thermostat region in the inner midplane. This t=0 moment may be associated with the formation of the first planetesimals in this disk. We explore whether HOPS-68, a Class I protostar with similar properties and system geometries, is engaged in such refractory recondensation as well. A detection of cooler gas-phase SiO in absorption above a hot disk midplane would allow us to achieve this goal, thanks to a previous detection of crystalline silicates. HOPS-68 was observed with the JWST MIRI and NIRSpec, showing multiple bands of molecular absorption. We use local thermal equilibrium slab models to measure the temperature, column density, velocity, and radial location of these bands. The molecular absorption bands of gaseous SiO, H2O, CO2, and 13CO trace a warm molecular inversion layer (300-500 K) at mid-altitudes above the hot disk midplane from 0.3-16 AU, which is consistently blue-shifted with respect to the system velocity by 33-53 km/s. Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of HOPS-68 kinematically resolve an SiO-rich jet and wind. We confirm that HOPS-68, like HOPS-315, is undergoing an epoch analogous to the t=0 moment in the Solar System's planet formation timeline. The detected warm molecular layer traces the base of a disk wind, which carries sublimated material from the thermostat region near 2 AU up into the outer disk. As for HOPS-315, the molecular layer in the inner few AU of HOPS-68 is enhanced in bulk oxygen as a result of this sublimation. Since HOPS-68 is less evolved than HOPS-315, this may indicate a prolonged epoch in protostellar evolution in which such oxygen enhancement occurs.
Related
- Protostellar evolution of intermediate-mass stars: implications for the survival of fossil magnetic fields
- Collisional Evolution around A-type Stars with Strong Silicate Features
- Analytical constraints on ejectable dust agglomerate sizes from cometary nuclei during quiet sublimation
- HD 152384: A 5-megayear-old debris disk system showing a gaseous ring of refractory elements at the dust sublimation radius
- WEEVIL: design and commissioning of an ice-sublimation chamber and a cryogenic submillimeter radiometer for studying rarefied gas plumes
BibTeX
@misc{ballieux2026breath,
title = {{A breath of fresh air: Oxygen enhancement from silicate sublimation during early protostellar evolution}},
author = {F. J. Ballieux and M. K. McClure and Ł. Tychoniec and L. Francis and A. Egliene and E. A. Bergin and M. R. Van 't Hoff and E. F. Van Dishoeck},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.17921},
eprint = {2610.17921},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.17921},
note = {CC BY-NC-SA 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - A breath of fresh air: Oxygen enhancement from silicate sublimation during early protostellar evolution
AU - F. J. Ballieux
AU - M. K. McClure
AU - Ł. Tychoniec
AU - L. Francis
AU - A. Egliene
AU - E. A. Bergin
AU - M. R. Van 't Hoff
AU - E. F. Van Dishoeck
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/13
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.17921
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.17921
AB - Recently, an analog to the t = 0 moment of our Solar System's meteoritic record was identified for the first time around the Class I protostar HOPS-315. Crystalline silicates were found to recondense from SiO gas that cools as it advects upward from a hot thermostat region in the inner midplane. This t=0 moment may be associated with the formation of the first planetesimals in this disk. We explore whether HOPS-68, a Class I protostar with similar properties and system geometries, is engaged in such refractory recondensation as well. A detection of cooler gas-phase SiO in absorption above a hot disk midplane would allow us to achieve this goal, thanks to a previous detection of crystalline silicates. HOPS-68 was observed with the JWST MIRI and NIRSpec, showing multiple bands of molecular absorption. We use local thermal equilibrium slab models to measure the temperature, column density, velocity, and radial location of these bands. The molecular absorption bands of gaseous SiO, H2O, CO2, and 13CO trace a warm molecular inversion layer (300-500 K) at mid-altitudes above the hot disk midplane from 0.3-16 AU, which is consistently blue-shifted with respect to the system velocity by 33-53 km/s. Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations of HOPS-68 kinematically resolve an SiO-rich jet and wind. We confirm that HOPS-68, like HOPS-315, is undergoing an epoch analogous to the t=0 moment in the Solar System's planet formation timeline. The detected warm molecular layer traces the base of a disk wind, which carries sublimated material from the thermostat region near 2 AU up into the outer disk. As for HOPS-315, the molecular layer in the inner few AU of HOPS-68 is enhanced in bulk oxygen as a result of this sublimation. Since HOPS-68 is less evolved than HOPS-315, this may indicate a prolonged epoch in protostellar evolution in which such oxygen enhancement occurs.
ER -