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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Journal of High Energy Physics

Numerical hints for dyon condensation at θ = 2π via Wilson-’t Hooft loops in SU(2) Yang-Mills theory

  • Hiromasa Watanabe1,2
  • Issaku Kanamori3
  • Okuto Morikawa4
  • Yuki Nagai5
  • Yuya Tanizaki1
  • Akio Tomiya3,6,1
6 affiliations
  1. 1Kyoto University
  2. 2Keio University
  3. 3RIKEN Center for Computational Science
  4. 4Center for Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS), RIKEN
  5. 5The University of Tokyo
  6. 6Tokyo Woman’s Christian University
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Abstract

A bstract : Yang-Mills theories at θ and θ +2 π are unitarily equivalent, but their 2 π periodicity has a nontrivial realization. Recent developments in generalized symmetries rigorously prove that confinement vacua at θ = 0 and 2 π should belong to different symmetry-protected topological (SPT) states with the 1-form center symmetry. For its examination, we measure the Wilson-’t Hooft loop operators at θ = 2 π for the SU(2) Wilson lattice gauge action and discuss their long-distance behaviors. This requires us to identify the gauge topological charge in the presence of defects, and we employ the 1-form covariant DBW2 gradient flow to smear lattice gauge fields. We find a clear perimeter-law signal for the dyonic Wilson-’t Hooft loop at θ = 2 π , providing numerical evidence in the pure SU(2) Yang-Mills theory for the theoretically expected dyon condensation at θ = 2 π .

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{watanabe2026numerical,
  title = {{Numerical hints for dyon condensation at θ = 2π via Wilson-’t Hooft loops in SU(2) Yang-Mills theory}},
  author = {Hiromasa Watanabe and Issaku Kanamori and Okuto Morikawa and Yuki Nagai and Yuya Tanizaki and Akio Tomiya},
  journal = {Journal of High Energy Physics},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1007/jhep10(2026)068},
  url = {https://link.springer.com/10.1007/JHEP10(2026)068},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Numerical hints for dyon condensation at θ = 2π via Wilson-’t Hooft loops in SU(2) Yang-Mills theory
AU  - Hiromasa Watanabe
AU  - Issaku Kanamori
AU  - Okuto Morikawa
AU  - Yuki Nagai
AU  - Yuya Tanizaki
AU  - Akio Tomiya
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/07
JO  - Journal of High Energy Physics
DO  - 10.1007/jhep10(2026)068
UR  - https://link.springer.com/10.1007/JHEP10(2026)068
AB  - A bstract : Yang-Mills theories at θ and θ +2 π are unitarily equivalent, but their 2 π periodicity has a nontrivial realization. Recent developments in generalized symmetries rigorously prove that confinement vacua at θ = 0 and 2 π should belong to different symmetry-protected topological (SPT) states with the 1-form center symmetry. For its examination, we measure the Wilson-’t Hooft loop operators at θ = 2 π for the SU(2) Wilson lattice gauge action and discuss their long-distance behaviors. This requires us to identify the gauge topological charge in the presence of defects, and we employ the 1-form covariant DBW2 gradient flow to smear lattice gauge fields. We find a clear perimeter-law signal for the dyonic Wilson-’t Hooft loop at θ = 2 π , providing numerical evidence in the pure SU(2) Yang-Mills theory for the theoretically expected dyon condensation at θ = 2 π .
SN  - 1029-8479
ER  -