Modified Low-Temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscope for Ultrafast Pump-Probe Spectroscopy

Abstract

Combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with terahertz pulses (THz-STM) enables ultrafast dynamics of phonons, spins, and charge carriers to be probed with atomic-scale spatial and sub-picosecond temporal resolution. However, coupling THz radiation into a low-temperature STM junction presents some technical challenges as it requires optical access for laser illumination while maintaining junction stability. Instead of designing a completely new STM head with customized optical access and optics within the ultra-high vacuum chamber, we modified a Besocke "Beetle" style STM with minimal changes of the cryogenic radiation shields. Despite the given geometrical conditions, we achieved efficient coupling of THz and optical pulses to the STM junction while maintaining temperatures below 6 K. We designed the optical setup on a separate laser table, starting with femtosecond laser pulses that are used to generate THz pulses in a LiNbO₃ crystal. We show the obtained THz pulse shapes and determine the effective time resolution using cross-correlation measurements. We further demonstrate the stable performance of the modified STM by measuring THz-induced tunneling currents from monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) grown on Au(111). The resulting current maps resolve atomic-scale contrast revealing a point defect. The measurements confirm efficient THz coupling and stable low-temperature STM operation with atomic resolution.

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Cite

BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{rai2026modified,
  title = {{Modified Low-Temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscope for Ultrafast Pump-Probe Spectroscopy}},
  author = {Vibhuti N. Rai and Junyoung Sim and Nils Bogdanoff and Sergey Trishin and Florian Faaber and Paul Wiechers and Caroline Firschke and Tobias Kampfrath and Christian Lotze and Katharina J. Franke},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.24916},
  eprint = {2609.24916},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.24916},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Modified Low-Temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscope for Ultrafast Pump-Probe Spectroscopy
AU  - Vibhuti N. Rai
AU  - Junyoung Sim
AU  - Nils Bogdanoff
AU  - Sergey Trishin
AU  - Florian Faaber
AU  - Paul Wiechers
AU  - Caroline Firschke
AU  - Tobias Kampfrath
AU  - Christian Lotze
AU  - Katharina J. Franke
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/21
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.24916
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.24916
AB  - Combining scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) with terahertz pulses (THz-STM) enables ultrafast dynamics of phonons, spins, and charge carriers to be probed with atomic-scale spatial and sub-picosecond temporal resolution. However, coupling THz radiation into a low-temperature STM junction presents some technical challenges as it requires optical access for laser illumination while maintaining junction stability. Instead of designing a completely new STM head with customized optical access and optics within the ultra-high vacuum chamber, we modified a Besocke "Beetle" style STM with minimal changes of the cryogenic radiation shields. Despite the given geometrical conditions, we achieved efficient coupling of THz and optical pulses to the STM junction while maintaining temperatures below 6 K. We designed the optical setup on a separate laser table, starting with femtosecond laser pulses that are used to generate THz pulses in a LiNbO_3 crystal. We show the obtained THz pulse shapes and determine the effective time resolution using cross-correlation measurements. We further demonstrate the stable performance of the modified STM by measuring THz-induced tunneling currents from monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS_2) grown on Au(111). The resulting current maps resolve atomic-scale contrast revealing a point defect. The measurements confirm efficient THz coupling and stable low-temperature STM operation with atomic resolution.
ER  -

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