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PreprintCC BY 4.0arXiv

Thermodynamics of coupled electromagnetic and mass fields

  • Fei Wang
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Abstract

We formulate a unified thermodynamic framework for chemical, mechanical, and electromagnetic transport by extending the Gibbs--Duhem relation to include kinetic free-energy contributions associated with material and field motion. The resulting kinetic Gibbs--Duhem relation establishes a thermodynamic connection between free-energy variations, generalized chemical potentials, pressure, and transport momentum, while preserving the invariance of the system free energy under changes of reference frame. Within a Lagrangian formulation of free-energy evolution, the relation provides a common structure for diffusion, momentum transport, and electromagnetic dynamics. For nonuniform chemical systems, the framework recovers the coupling between Cahn--Hilliard dynamics and the Korteweg stress arising from composition gradients. Its extension to electromagnetic systems incorporates electric, magnetic, charge, and mechanical contributions into the same thermodynamic formulation, yielding a unified description of electromagnetic and momentum evolution. The framework further separates dissipative from nondissipative transport and establishes a common thermodynamic form for mechanical and electromagnetic propagation. In the isentropic limit, the characteristic propagation velocity is determined by the derivative of the thermodynamic pressure with respect to density, yielding the speed of sound for mechanical systems and the speed of light for electromagnetic systems. These results show that kinetic contributions can be incorporated consistently into the Gibbs--Duhem framework, providing a common thermodynamic basis for coupled chemical, mechanical, and electromagnetic transport without introducing separate thermodynamic principles for each mechanism.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{wang2026thermodynamics,
  title = {{Thermodynamics of coupled electromagnetic and mass fields}},
  author = {Fei Wang},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.22391},
  eprint = {2610.22391},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22391},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Thermodynamics of coupled electromagnetic and mass fields
AU  - Fei Wang
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/12
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.22391
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.22391
AB  - We formulate a unified thermodynamic framework for chemical, mechanical, and electromagnetic transport by extending the Gibbs--Duhem relation to include kinetic free-energy contributions associated with material and field motion. The resulting kinetic Gibbs--Duhem relation establishes a thermodynamic connection between free-energy variations, generalized chemical potentials, pressure, and transport momentum, while preserving the invariance of the system free energy under changes of reference frame. Within a Lagrangian formulation of free-energy evolution, the relation provides a common structure for diffusion, momentum transport, and electromagnetic dynamics. For nonuniform chemical systems, the framework recovers the coupling between Cahn--Hilliard dynamics and the Korteweg stress arising from composition gradients. Its extension to electromagnetic systems incorporates electric, magnetic, charge, and mechanical contributions into the same thermodynamic formulation, yielding a unified description of electromagnetic and momentum evolution. The framework further separates dissipative from nondissipative transport and establishes a common thermodynamic form for mechanical and electromagnetic propagation. In the isentropic limit, the characteristic propagation velocity is determined by the derivative of the thermodynamic pressure with respect to density, yielding the speed of sound for mechanical systems and the speed of light for electromagnetic systems. These results show that kinetic contributions can be incorporated consistently into the Gibbs--Duhem framework, providing a common thermodynamic basis for coupled chemical, mechanical, and electromagnetic transport without introducing separate thermodynamic principles for each mechanism.
ER  -