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Peer-reviewedCC BY 4.0Frontiers in Microbiology

An exploratory study of gut microbiota and serum metabolite profiles in type 2 diabetes patients with sleep disorders

  • Jinkun Ma1,2
  • Xinbin Zhang2,3
  • Yirao Pan2,4
  • Xueli Bao4
  • Hua Yi5
  • Jing Hua6
  • Qianqian Mu4
  • Lantian Liu2
  • Chunyu Hu1
  • Dandan Zhao2
  • Sihua Gao2
6 affiliations
  1. 1Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  2. 2School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
  3. 3Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
  4. 4Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
  5. 5Department of Endocrinology, Yancheng Third People's Hospital, Yancheng, China
  6. 6General Outpatient Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing, China
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Abstract

Objective: To characterize gut microbiota composition and serum metabolites in T2DM patients with and without sleep disorders.

Methods: This single center cross sectional study enrolled 40 T2DM patients with sleep disorders (Group I), 40 T2DM patients without sleep disorders (Group N) and 30 age and sex matched healthy controls (Group ZC). Fecal and serum samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry metabolomics, respectively. Gut microbiota composition, serum metabolites and metabolic pathways, and microbe–metabolite correlations were analyzed.

Results: Compared with T2DM patients without sleep disorders, T2DM patients with sleep disorders showed reduced gut microbial diversity and evenness, as indicated by lower Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou's evenness indices. Beta diversity analysis showed a small but statistically significant difference in microbial structure between Groups I and N. At the genus level, nominal differences were observed between the two groups, including higher relative abundances of TM7x, Achromobacter, and Pseudomonas and lower relative abundances of Eubacterium_eligens_group, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001, and Negativibacillus in Group I. Metabolomic results revealed 17 nominally differential metabolites between Groups I and N, involving caffeine metabolism and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. Spearman analysis revealed that stercobilin abundance positively correlated with Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001 (R = 0.381, P < 0.001, Q = 0.095), Lachnospiraceae_ND3007 (R = 0.354, P = 0.002, Q = 0.121), and Odoribacter (R = 0.280, P = 0.01, Q = 0.301).

Conclusions: T2DM patients with sleep disorders showed modest differences in gut microbial community structure and exploratory changes in serum metabolite profiles. Stercobilin and caffeine-related metabolic features may represent exploratory characteristics associated with sleep disorders in T2DM. These findings suggest potential microbiota-metabolite associations and provide a basis for future longitudinal and mechanistic studies.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{ma2026exploratory,
  title = {{An exploratory study of gut microbiota and serum metabolite profiles in type 2 diabetes patients with sleep disorders}},
  author = {Jinkun Ma and Xinbin Zhang and Yirao Pan and Xueli Bao and Hua Yi and Jing Hua and Qianqian Mu and Lantian Liu and Chunyu Hu and Dandan Zhao and Sihua Gao},
  journal = {Frontiers in Microbiology},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2026.1911955},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1911955},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - An exploratory study of gut microbiota and serum metabolite profiles in type 2 diabetes patients with sleep disorders
AU  - Jinkun Ma
AU  - Xinbin Zhang
AU  - Yirao Pan
AU  - Xueli Bao
AU  - Hua Yi
AU  - Jing Hua
AU  - Qianqian Mu
AU  - Lantian Liu
AU  - Chunyu Hu
AU  - Dandan Zhao
AU  - Sihua Gao
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/12
JO  - Frontiers in Microbiology
DO  - 10.3389/fmicb.2026.1911955
UR  - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2026.1911955
AB  - Objective: To characterize gut microbiota composition and serum metabolites in T2DM patients with and without sleep disorders.  Methods: This single center cross sectional study enrolled 40 T2DM patients with sleep disorders (Group I), 40 T2DM patients without sleep disorders (Group N) and 30 age and sex matched healthy controls (Group ZC). Fecal and serum samples were collected for 16S rRNA gene sequencing and untargeted liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry metabolomics, respectively. Gut microbiota composition, serum metabolites and metabolic pathways, and microbe–metabolite correlations were analyzed.  Results: Compared with T2DM patients without sleep disorders, T2DM patients with sleep disorders showed reduced gut microbial diversity and evenness, as indicated by lower Shannon, Simpson, and Pielou's evenness indices. Beta diversity analysis showed a small but statistically significant difference in microbial structure between Groups I and N. At the genus level, nominal differences were observed between the two groups, including higher relative abundances of TM7x, Achromobacter, and Pseudomonas and lower relative abundances of Eubacterium_eligens_group, Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001, and Negativibacillus in Group I. Metabolomic results revealed 17 nominally differential metabolites between Groups I and N, involving caffeine metabolism and porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism. Spearman analysis revealed that stercobilin abundance positively correlated with Lachnospiraceae_UCG-001 (R = 0.381, P < 0.001, Q = 0.095), Lachnospiraceae_ND3007 (R = 0.354, P = 0.002, Q = 0.121), and Odoribacter (R = 0.280, P = 0.01, Q = 0.301).  Conclusions: T2DM patients with sleep disorders showed modest differences in gut microbial community structure and exploratory changes in serum metabolite profiles. Stercobilin and caffeine-related metabolic features may represent exploratory characteristics associated with sleep disorders in T2DM. These findings suggest potential microbiota-metabolite associations and provide a basis for future longitudinal and mechanistic studies.
SN  - 1664-302X
ER  -