ENDS-Motivational and Affective Picture System (E-MAPS): Development and validation of a contextualized…

Abstract

Background Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use is reinforced by motivational and affective contexts associated with repeated ENDS use. Yet, there are currently no standardized, validated ENDS-related image cues that differentiate among motivational contexts. This study aimed to develop and validate contextualized ENDS-related image cues.

Method Electronic nicotine delivery system users between the ages of 21 and 35 in the United States were recruited via Prolific (N = 253). Eighty ENDS-related images were presented. E-MAPS (ENDS-Motivational and Affective Picture System) depicts ENDS use in four motivational contexts corresponding to prominent vaping dependence mechanisms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, habit/automaticity, and cue-induced craving. Each motivational context also depicts social and nonsocial ENDS use. Each participant rated 80 images on dimensions of valence, arousal, and craving.

Results E-MAPS images were classified consistently with their intended motivational context and ratings of valence, arousal, and craving exhibited strong reliability within each intended category. Several differences in valence, arousal, and craving emerged among motivational contexts, highlighting the importance of accounting for cue-related motivational context. Regardless of context, E-MAPS images elicited relatively high cravings while higher (vs. lower) reported cravings were strongly associated with clinically relevant outcomes: greater vaping dependence and reduced motivation and confidence to quit.

Conclusion E-MAPS reliably distinguished among prominent dependence-related motivational contexts, offering researchers tools to study the motivational mechanisms that sustain chronic ENDS use.

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BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{wahlers2026endsmotivational,
  title = {{ENDS-Motivational and Affective Picture System (E-MAPS): Development and validation of a contextualized vaping image database}},
  author = {Justin Wahlers and Jonathan Westlake and Oh-Ryeong Ha and Steven Seung-Suk Kang and Delwyn Catley and Seung-Lark Lim},
  howpublished = {PsyArXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = sep,
  doi = {10.31234/osf.io/s6u9h_v1},
  url = {https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/s6u9h_v1/},
  note = {CC0},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - ENDS-Motivational and Affective Picture System (E-MAPS): Development and validation of a contextualized vaping image database
AU  - Justin Wahlers
AU  - Jonathan Westlake
AU  - Oh-Ryeong Ha
AU  - Steven Seung-Suk Kang
AU  - Delwyn Catley
AU  - Seung-Lark Lim
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/09/16
PB  - PsyArXiv
DO  - 10.31234/osf.io/s6u9h_v1
UR  - https://osf.io/preprints/psyarxiv/s6u9h_v1/
AB  - Background Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) use is reinforced by motivational and affective contexts associated with repeated ENDS use. Yet, there are currently no standardized, validated ENDS-related image cues that differentiate among motivational contexts. This study aimed to develop and validate contextualized ENDS-related image cues.  Method Electronic nicotine delivery system users between the ages of 21 and 35 in the United States were recruited via Prolific (N = 253). Eighty ENDS-related images were presented. E-MAPS (ENDS-Motivational and Affective Picture System) depicts ENDS use in four motivational contexts corresponding to prominent vaping dependence mechanisms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, habit/automaticity, and cue-induced craving. Each motivational context also depicts social and nonsocial ENDS use. Each participant rated 80 images on dimensions of valence, arousal, and craving.  Results E-MAPS images were classified consistently with their intended motivational context and ratings of valence, arousal, and craving exhibited strong reliability within each intended category. Several differences in valence, arousal, and craving emerged among motivational contexts, highlighting the importance of accounting for cue-related motivational context. Regardless of context, E-MAPS images elicited relatively high cravings while higher (vs. lower) reported cravings were strongly associated with clinically relevant outcomes: greater vaping dependence and reduced motivation and confidence to quit.  Conclusion E-MAPS reliably distinguished among prominent dependence-related motivational contexts, offering researchers tools to study the motivational mechanisms that sustain chronic ENDS use.
ER  -

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