Beyond-EUV spectrum of highly-charged gadolinium
Abstract
We report ab initio relativistic calculations on the complex Gd18+ and Gd26+ highly-charged ions, which are relevant to beyond-extreme-ultraviolet (BEUV) light sources based on laser-produced gadolinium plasmas. Using the particle-hole configuration-interaction with many-body perturbation theory (CI+MBPT) method, we systematically saturate the n=4 configuration space and determine the influence of multiply excited states on the emissivity spectrum. For Gd26+ we find behavior analogous to that of its isoelectronic counterpart Sn12+, with strong contributions from multiply excited states, where even the quadruply excited states become significant at certain effective temperatures. In contrast, the industry-relevant 6.7 nm emission of Pd-like Gd18+ is dominated by the singly excited 4d10 1S0 -- 4d94f 1P1 transition, while multiply excited states primarily contribute to out-of-band emission. The calculated spectra show good agreement with experiment and demonstrate that the importance of multiply excited states depends strongly on both charge state and plasma conditions.
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BibTeX
@misc{reitsma2026beyondeuv,
title = {{Beyond-EUV spectrum of highly-charged gadolinium}},
author = {M. L. Reitsma and J. Sheil and O. O. Versolato and E. V. Kahl and J. C. Berengut},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = aug,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2608.27097},
eprint = {2608.27097},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27097},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Beyond-EUV spectrum of highly-charged gadolinium
AU - M. L. Reitsma
AU - J. Sheil
AU - O. O. Versolato
AU - E. V. Kahl
AU - J. C. Berengut
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/08/31
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2608.27097
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.27097
AB - We report ab initio relativistic calculations on the complex Gd^18+ and Gd^26+ highly-charged ions, which are relevant to beyond-extreme-ultraviolet (BEUV) light sources based on laser-produced gadolinium plasmas. Using the particle-hole configuration-interaction with many-body perturbation theory (CI+MBPT) method, we systematically saturate the n=4 configuration space and determine the influence of multiply excited states on the emissivity spectrum. For Gd^26+ we find behavior analogous to that of its isoelectronic counterpart Sn^12+, with strong contributions from multiply excited states, where even the quadruply excited states become significant at certain effective temperatures. In contrast, the industry-relevant 6.7 nm emission of Pd-like Gd^18+ is dominated by the singly excited 4d^10 ^1S_0 -- 4d^94f ^1P_1 transition, while multiply excited states primarily contribute to out-of-band emission. The calculated spectra show good agreement with experiment and demonstrate that the importance of multiply excited states depends strongly on both charge state and plasma conditions.
ER -