Submerged Immiscible Oil Jet: Breakup Dynamics and Droplet Size Modelling
Abstract
Immiscible liquid-liquid jets occur in numerous industrial and environmental settings, including oil spill response and liquid-liquid extraction, yet the coupled evolution of turbulence, interfacial instability, and droplet size distribution across transitional to turbulent regimes remains poorly understood. We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of a silicone oil jet injected into refractive-index-matched sugar water, employing simultaneous Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). Beyond the breakup region, mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles exhibit self-similarity. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) of the volume fraction reveals a systematic shift in the dominant instability mechanism with increasing Reynolds number: axisymmetric Rayleigh-Plateau modes govern breakup at low Reynolds numbers, sinuous and varicose modes coexist in the transitional regime, and Kelvin-Helmholtz-driven shear-layer breakup dominates at higher Reynolds numbers. Droplet sizes are extracted from PLIF images using a convolutional neural network-based segmentation approach. In the transitional regime, a bimodal droplet size distribution is observed, reflecting the coexistence of shear-induced breakup and Rayleigh-Plateau instability. As the Reynolds number increases and turbulent dissipation intensifies, the distribution evolves toward a single mode with smaller characteristic droplet sizes. To predict the droplet size distribution, existing population balance models are extended to include droplet coalescence. Incorporating coalescence substantially improves agreement with experimental measurements, particularly for larger droplets. These findings demonstrate that turbulent dissipation, interfacial instabilities, and droplet coalescence collectively govern the evolution of droplet size distribution in immiscible liquid-liquid jets.
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BibTeX
@misc{sharma2026submerged,
title = {{Submerged Immiscible Oil Jet: Breakup Dynamics and Droplet Size Modelling}},
author = {Lokendra Mohan Sharma and Aditya K. Aiyer and Harish N. Dixit and Lakshmana Dora Chandrala},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = oct,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.36439},
eprint = {2610.36439},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36439},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Submerged Immiscible Oil Jet: Breakup Dynamics and Droplet Size Modelling
AU - Lokendra Mohan Sharma
AU - Aditya K. Aiyer
AU - Harish N. Dixit
AU - Lakshmana Dora Chandrala
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/10/27
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.36439
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.36439
AB - Immiscible liquid-liquid jets occur in numerous industrial and environmental settings, including oil spill response and liquid-liquid extraction, yet the coupled evolution of turbulence, interfacial instability, and droplet size distribution across transitional to turbulent regimes remains poorly understood. We present a combined experimental and theoretical investigation of a silicone oil jet injected into refractive-index-matched sugar water, employing simultaneous Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). Beyond the breakup region, mean velocity and Reynolds stress profiles exhibit self-similarity. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) of the volume fraction reveals a systematic shift in the dominant instability mechanism with increasing Reynolds number: axisymmetric Rayleigh-Plateau modes govern breakup at low Reynolds numbers, sinuous and varicose modes coexist in the transitional regime, and Kelvin-Helmholtz-driven shear-layer breakup dominates at higher Reynolds numbers. Droplet sizes are extracted from PLIF images using a convolutional neural network-based segmentation approach. In the transitional regime, a bimodal droplet size distribution is observed, reflecting the coexistence of shear-induced breakup and Rayleigh-Plateau instability. As the Reynolds number increases and turbulent dissipation intensifies, the distribution evolves toward a single mode with smaller characteristic droplet sizes. To predict the droplet size distribution, existing population balance models are extended to include droplet coalescence. Incorporating coalescence substantially improves agreement with experimental measurements, particularly for larger droplets. These findings demonstrate that turbulent dissipation, interfacial instabilities, and droplet coalescence collectively govern the evolution of droplet size distribution in immiscible liquid-liquid jets.
ER -