HIGH DOSE GAMMAHERPESVIRUS INFECTION IN MACROPHAGES RESULTS IN INFLAMMATORY MULTIMODAL CELL DEATH
- 1University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus
Abstract
Human gammaherpesviruses (gHVs) including Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposis sarcoma associated herpesvirus are linked to cancer and inflammatory disease development. The outcome of gHV infection is highly regulated by cell type, with macrophages identified as an important early infection target that can also serve as a latency reservoir. Here, we used the mouse gHV model, murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV68), to identify a dose-dependent outcome of MHV68 infection of macrophages, with high dose infection resulting in extensive morphological changes, viral gene expression, and a pronounced inflammatory cell death not observed under conditions of lytic replication occurring at lower infectious dose. Virion envelope and tegument components were not sufficient for this dose-dependent cell death, which required intact viral DNA and virus transcription, yet occurred independently of viral DNA replication and late gene transcription. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) treatment, an anti-inflammatory therapeutic, limited cell death and reduced cell morphology alterations, with no impact on virus replication, uncoupling cell death from lytic replication. Activation of autophagy profoundly limited high dose infection outcomes, with increased cell survival and reduced viral gene expression. Despite the improved cell survival observed in cells treated with Nec-1, biochemical analysis of infected cultures identified robust apoptosis induction with subsequent activation of gasdermin E, suggesting a multi-modal cell death mechanism culminating in pyroptosis. Our findings suggest that high dose macrophage infection byMHV68 is a major driver of inflammatory cell death to potentially shape downstream inflammation and immune responses.
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BibTeX
@misc{vragel2026high,
title = {{HIGH DOSE GAMMAHERPESVIRUS INFECTION IN MACROPHAGES RESULTS IN INFLAMMATORY MULTIMODAL CELL DEATH}},
author = {G. Vragel and G. Nelson-Reid and R. E. Kostelecky and E. Spear and M. Lee and D. W. Abbott and L. F. van Dyk and E. Clambey},
howpublished = {bioRxiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.64898/2026.09.16.752237},
url = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.16.752237v1},
note = {CC BY-NC},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - HIGH DOSE GAMMAHERPESVIRUS INFECTION IN MACROPHAGES RESULTS IN INFLAMMATORY MULTIMODAL CELL DEATH
AU - G. Vragel
AU - G. Nelson-Reid
AU - R. E. Kostelecky
AU - E. Spear
AU - M. Lee
AU - D. W. Abbott
AU - L. F. van Dyk
AU - E. Clambey
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/16
PB - bioRxiv
DO - 10.64898/2026.09.16.752237
UR - https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.64898/2026.09.16.752237v1
AB - Human gammaherpesviruses (gHVs) including Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposis sarcoma associated herpesvirus are linked to cancer and inflammatory disease development. The outcome of gHV infection is highly regulated by cell type, with macrophages identified as an important early infection target that can also serve as a latency reservoir. Here, we used the mouse gHV model, murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV68), to identify a dose-dependent outcome of MHV68 infection of macrophages, with high dose infection resulting in extensive morphological changes, viral gene expression, and a pronounced inflammatory cell death not observed under conditions of lytic replication occurring at lower infectious dose. Virion envelope and tegument components were not sufficient for this dose-dependent cell death, which required intact viral DNA and virus transcription, yet occurred independently of viral DNA replication and late gene transcription. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) treatment, an anti-inflammatory therapeutic, limited cell death and reduced cell morphology alterations, with no impact on virus replication, uncoupling cell death from lytic replication. Activation of autophagy profoundly limited high dose infection outcomes, with increased cell survival and reduced viral gene expression. Despite the improved cell survival observed in cells treated with Nec-1, biochemical analysis of infected cultures identified robust apoptosis induction with subsequent activation of gasdermin E, suggesting a multi-modal cell death mechanism culminating in pyroptosis. Our findings suggest that high dose macrophage infection byMHV68 is a major driver of inflammatory cell death to potentially shape downstream inflammation and immune responses.
ER -