Horizon energy fluctuations beyond Einstein's gravity: Gauss-Bonnet, Lovelock and Quantum deformed frameworks
Abstract
We study thermal energy fluctuations of cosmological horizons within the canonical ensemble framework, treating the horizon as a thermodynamic system characterized by temperature and entropy. The analysis is performed for a class of gravitational theories, including (n+1)-dimensional Einstein gravity, Gauss-Bonnet gravity, Lovelock gravity, and models incorporating quantum deformed entropy corrections. We find that horizon energy fluctuations stabilize to a constant value in the asymptotic de Sitter limit, independent of the underlying gravity theory and robust against higher-curvature and quantum corrections. It is worth mentioning that in its final de Sitter state, the universe obeys holographic equipartition condition and in consequence the horizon entropy attains a maximum constant value, just like an ordinary macroscopic system. These findings establish a unified thermodynamic picture in which entropy maximization, holographic equipartition, and the suppression of energy fluctuations collectively characterize the asymptotic de Sitter universe as the equilibrium end state of cosmic evolution.
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BibTeX
@misc{krishna2026horizon,
title = {{Horizon energy fluctuations beyond Einstein's gravity: Gauss-Bonnet, Lovelock and Quantum deformed frameworks}},
author = {P. B. Krishna and Lini Devassy and Titus K. Mathew},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2609.02456},
eprint = {2609.02456},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.02456},
note = {CC0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - Horizon energy fluctuations beyond Einstein's gravity: Gauss-Bonnet, Lovelock and Quantum deformed frameworks
AU - P. B. Krishna
AU - Lini Devassy
AU - Titus K. Mathew
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/02
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2609.02456
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.02456
AB - We study thermal energy fluctuations of cosmological horizons within the canonical ensemble framework, treating the horizon as a thermodynamic system characterized by temperature and entropy. The analysis is performed for a class of gravitational theories, including (n+1)-dimensional Einstein gravity, Gauss-Bonnet gravity, Lovelock gravity, and models incorporating quantum deformed entropy corrections. We find that horizon energy fluctuations stabilize to a constant value in the asymptotic de Sitter limit, independent of the underlying gravity theory and robust against higher-curvature and quantum corrections. It is worth mentioning that in its final de Sitter state, the universe obeys holographic equipartition condition and in consequence the horizon entropy attains a maximum constant value, just like an ordinary macroscopic system. These findings establish a unified thermodynamic picture in which entropy maximization, holographic equipartition, and the suppression of energy fluctuations collectively characterize the asymptotic de Sitter universe as the equilibrium end state of cosmic evolution.
ER -