Effects of unilateral single-mode balance training compared to combined balance and plyometric training on soccer players’ interlimb asymmetry in static and dynamic balance performance
6 affiliations
- 1Division of Movement and Training Sciences/Biomechanics of Sport, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- 2Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- 3Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- 4Institute of Sport Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- 5Dynamo Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- 6Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
Abstract
Background: The effects of training interventions on interlimb balance performance have been recently investigated. However, no comparison was conducted between the impact of a single-mode versus combined training modality, whereby complementary adaptations are suggested for the latter. Objective: Thus, we investigated the effects of a single-mode versus combined training modality on interlimb static and dynamic balance performance in soccer players. Methods: Young male soccer players (N = 57, Tier level 3) were randomly allocated to a unilateral single-mode balance training (BT) group (n = 17, age: 13.8 ± 1.5 years), a unilateral combined balance and plyometric jump training (BT + PT) group (n = 20, age: 14.1 ± 1.5 years) or an active control (CON) group (n = 20, age: 14.2 ± 1.6 years). Training was conducted in-season for nine weeks (two sessions per week) using the non-dominant leg. Pre- and post-intervention, unipedal balance performance was assessed for both legs under static (unipedal stance only) and dynamic (unipedal stance with continuous leg swing) task conditions while increasing the difficulty level (i.e., gradual reduction of the base of support). Binary (success rate) and metric (center of pressure [CoP] indices, limb symmetry index [LSI]) parameters of postural control were calculated. Results: Both training modalities yielded significant improvements in interlimb static and dynamic postural control, with greater effects in the single-mode BT group for the parameter success rate and in the combined BT + PT group for the CoP-based indices. Significant improvements in the LSI occurred irrespective of the training modality. Conclusion: Both, single-mode BT (binary outcome) and combined BT + PT (metric outcome) appear to be effective in improving interlimb static and dynamic postural control in young male soccer players. Due to the floor and ceiling effects across outcome domains, it cannot be concluded that one training mode is superior to the other. However, the more in-depth analysis (i.e., CoP-based indices) yields findings in favor of the combined BT + PT and suggests that regulatory processes, in particular, benefit from this training modality.
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BibTeX
@article{muehlbauer2026effects,
title = {{Effects of unilateral single-mode balance training compared to combined balance and plyometric training on soccer players’ interlimb asymmetry in static and dynamic balance performance}},
author = {Thomas Muehlbauer and Reinhold Kliegl and Katharina Borgmann and Sam Limpach and Dirk Krombholz and Stefan Panzer},
journal = {PLOS One},
year = {2026},
month = sep,
doi = {10.1371/journal.pone.0358565},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358565},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - Effects of unilateral single-mode balance training compared to combined balance and plyometric training on soccer players’ interlimb asymmetry in static and dynamic balance performance
AU - Thomas Muehlbauer
AU - Reinhold Kliegl
AU - Katharina Borgmann
AU - Sam Limpach
AU - Dirk Krombholz
AU - Stefan Panzer
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/09/16
JO - PLOS One
DO - 10.1371/journal.pone.0358565
UR - https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0358565
AB - Background: The effects of training interventions on interlimb balance performance have been recently investigated. However, no comparison was conducted between the impact of a single-mode versus combined training modality, whereby complementary adaptations are suggested for the latter. Objective: Thus, we investigated the effects of a single-mode versus combined training modality on interlimb static and dynamic balance performance in soccer players. Methods: Young male soccer players (N = 57, Tier level 3) were randomly allocated to a unilateral single-mode balance training (BT) group (n = 17, age: 13.8 ± 1.5 years), a unilateral combined balance and plyometric jump training (BT + PT) group (n = 20, age: 14.1 ± 1.5 years) or an active control (CON) group (n = 20, age: 14.2 ± 1.6 years). Training was conducted in-season for nine weeks (two sessions per week) using the non-dominant leg. Pre- and post-intervention, unipedal balance performance was assessed for both legs under static (unipedal stance only) and dynamic (unipedal stance with continuous leg swing) task conditions while increasing the difficulty level (i.e., gradual reduction of the base of support). Binary (success rate) and metric (center of pressure [CoP] indices, limb symmetry index [LSI]) parameters of postural control were calculated. Results: Both training modalities yielded significant improvements in interlimb static and dynamic postural control, with greater effects in the single-mode BT group for the parameter success rate and in the combined BT + PT group for the CoP-based indices. Significant improvements in the LSI occurred irrespective of the training modality. Conclusion: Both, single-mode BT (binary outcome) and combined BT + PT (metric outcome) appear to be effective in improving interlimb static and dynamic postural control in young male soccer players. Due to the floor and ceiling effects across outcome domains, it cannot be concluded that one training mode is superior to the other. However, the more in-depth analysis (i.e., CoP-based indices) yields findings in favor of the combined BT + PT and suggests that regulatory processes, in particular, benefit from this training modality.
SN - 1932-6203
ER -