From First Bond to Stable Adhesion: Multivalent Bond Stabilization in Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Abstract
After a particle forms its first receptor--ligand bond near a cell membrane, stable attachment often requires a threshold number of additional bonds. This paper develops a biophysical kinetic theory of this post-capture stage. The bond-number dynamics are modeled as a finite birth--death chain on n=0,1,…,m, where $0$ is loss of the initial bond and m is the stabilization threshold. The mesoscopic rates λn and μn encode the local energy landscape, accessible receptor--ligand pairs, steric and orientational constraints, and cooperative interactions within the growing cluster. The probability of reaching the threshold before losing the first bond is derived in closed form for general rates and, in the constant-ratio case, reduces to a geometric series controlled by the free-energy bias ρn=μn/λn. The mean time to failure or stabilization follows from a tridiagonal backward equation. Conditioning on successful attachment is treated as a trajectory-selection effect: the conditioned chain is a Doob h-transform whose dissociation rate at n=1 vanishes, because successful trajectories cannot lose the first bond early. A minimal interface between the spatial first-capture probability and the bond-number chain is formulated, together with the conditions under which the stable capture probability factorizes into their product. The analysis shows that hitting probabilities constrain only the rate ratios, whereas the absolute rate scale requires time-resolved or dwell-time data. The threshold m is a model-defined stabilization criterion, not a directly measured ligand count. The rates and threshold are effective parameters specified independently or inferred from kinetic data. The theory provides a quantitative framework for interpreting attachment probabilities, lifetimes, and the transition from first bond formation to stable multivalent adhesion.
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BibTeX
@misc{wu2026from,
title = {{From First Bond to Stable Adhesion: Multivalent Bond Stabilization in Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis}},
author = {Hao Wu},
howpublished = {arXiv},
year = {2026},
month = nov,
doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2611.01293},
eprint = {2611.01293},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.01293},
note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - UNPB
TI - From First Bond to Stable Adhesion: Multivalent Bond Stabilization in Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
AU - Hao Wu
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/11/01
PB - arXiv
DO - 10.48550/arxiv.2611.01293
UR - https://arxiv.org/abs/2611.01293
AB - After a particle forms its first receptor--ligand bond near a cell membrane, stable attachment often requires a threshold number of additional bonds. This paper develops a biophysical kinetic theory of this post-capture stage. The bond-number dynamics are modeled as a finite birth--death chain on n=0,1,…,m, where $0$ is loss of the initial bond and m is the stabilization threshold. The mesoscopic rates λ_n and μ_n encode the local energy landscape, accessible receptor--ligand pairs, steric and orientational constraints, and cooperative interactions within the growing cluster. The probability of reaching the threshold before losing the first bond is derived in closed form for general rates and, in the constant-ratio case, reduces to a geometric series controlled by the free-energy bias ρ_n=μ_n/λ_n. The mean time to failure or stabilization follows from a tridiagonal backward equation. Conditioning on successful attachment is treated as a trajectory-selection effect: the conditioned chain is a Doob h-transform whose dissociation rate at n=1 vanishes, because successful trajectories cannot lose the first bond early. A minimal interface between the spatial first-capture probability and the bond-number chain is formulated, together with the conditions under which the stable capture probability factorizes into their product. The analysis shows that hitting probabilities constrain only the rate ratios, whereas the absolute rate scale requires time-resolved or dwell-time data. The threshold m is a model-defined stabilization criterion, not a directly measured ligand count. The rates and threshold are effective parameters specified independently or inferred from kinetic data. The theory provides a quantitative framework for interpreting attachment probabilities, lifetimes, and the transition from first bond formation to stable multivalent adhesion.
ER -