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PreprintCC BY 4.0arXiv

Goldbach Representations in Quantum Optics and Metrology

  • Akira Sone
  • Maxim Olshanii
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Abstract

We derive a relation between Goldbach representations and photon-number statistics in a quantum-optical setup. Considering an even-number Fock state injected into a stochastic beam splitter with uniformly distributed transmissivity and projections of the two output modes onto prime subspaces, we demonstrate that each successful outcome corresponds to an Goldbach representation and that the averaged detection probability is exactly proportional to the number of Goldbach representations. Then, employing the Hardy--Littlewood asymptotic formula, we demonstrate that the post-measurement state generated by a beam splitter with fixed transmissivity exhibits standard quantum limit scaling of the ultimate precision limit in terms of phase estimation, whereas an equally weighted superposition of Goldbach representations exhibits Heisenberg scaling. These results provide a quantum-optical realization of Goldbach representations and relate their statistics of with quantum metrology.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@misc{sone2026goldbach,
  title = {{Goldbach Representations in Quantum Optics and Metrology}},
  author = {Akira Sone and Maxim Olshanii},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2610.38675},
  eprint = {2610.38675},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.38675},
  note = {CC BY 4.0},
}
RIS
TY  - UNPB
TI  - Goldbach Representations in Quantum Optics and Metrology
AU  - Akira Sone
AU  - Maxim Olshanii
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/28
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2610.38675
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2610.38675
AB  - We derive a relation between Goldbach representations and photon-number statistics in a quantum-optical setup. Considering an even-number Fock state injected into a stochastic beam splitter with uniformly distributed transmissivity and projections of the two output modes onto prime subspaces, we demonstrate that each successful outcome corresponds to an Goldbach representation and that the averaged detection probability is exactly proportional to the number of Goldbach representations. Then, employing the Hardy--Littlewood asymptotic formula, we demonstrate that the post-measurement state generated by a beam splitter with fixed transmissivity exhibits standard quantum limit scaling of the ultimate precision limit in terms of phase estimation, whereas an equally weighted superposition of Goldbach representations exhibits Heisenberg scaling. These results provide a quantum-optical realization of Goldbach representations and relate their statistics of with quantum metrology.
ER  -