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Peer-reviewedCC BYMedComm

Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management

  • Yixuan Xin1
  • Xingya Wang1
  • Yangtao Wu2
  • Qian Liu1
  • Qian Ren1
  • Hui Wang1
  • Jingbo Zhai1,2,3,4
4 affiliations
  1. 1School of Basic Medical Sciences Inner Mongolia Minzu University Tongliao China.
  2. 2Mongolian Medical College Inner Mongolia Minzu University Tongliao China.
  3. 3Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Tongliao China.
  4. 4Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Tongliao China.
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Abstract

Gastric cancer is a multifactorial disease shaped by diverse risk factors and a complex pathogenesis spanning from chronic atrophic gastritis to invasive malignancy. Its global incidence shows marked geographic disparities, and advances in understanding its pathogenic mechanisms have improved diagnosis and treatment. Although the relationship between gastric cancer and macrophages has been extensively investigated, a systematic review integrating the entire clinical and biological continuum of gastric cancer, from epidemiology to management, with a focus on macrophages remains lacking. This review summarizes the epidemiology and multidimensional risk factors for gastric cancer, including infectious, dietary, genetic, microbiome, and metabolite-related factors. We describe the evolution of precancerous conditions, molecular alterations such as miRNA expression, and the bidirectional interactions between gastric cancer cells and macrophages that drive tumor progression within the tumor microenvironment. We also review clinical features, diagnostic approaches based on screening and endoscopy, and current management strategies, including surgery, systemic therapies, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, macrophage-targeted therapies, macrophage metabolic reprogramming, and recent preclinical and clinical advances. Overall, this review integrates evidence from epidemiology, molecular biology, immunology, and pathology to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding gastric cancer pathogenesis and current as well as emerging therapeutic strategies.

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Cite

BibTeXRIS
BibTeX
@article{xin2026gastric,
  title = {{Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management}},
  author = {Yixuan Xin and Xingya Wang and Yangtao Wu and Qian Liu and Qian Ren and Hui Wang and Jingbo Zhai},
  journal = {MedComm},
  year = {2026},
  month = oct,
  doi = {10.1002/mco2.71100},
  url = {https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13717304},
  note = {CC BY},
}
RIS
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Gastric Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, Pathogenesis, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Management
AU  - Yixuan Xin
AU  - Xingya Wang
AU  - Yangtao Wu
AU  - Qian Liu
AU  - Qian Ren
AU  - Hui Wang
AU  - Jingbo Zhai
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/10/29
JO  - MedComm
DO  - 10.1002/mco2.71100
UR  - https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/PMC13717304
AB  - Gastric cancer is a multifactorial disease shaped by diverse risk factors and a complex pathogenesis spanning from chronic atrophic gastritis to invasive malignancy. Its global incidence shows marked geographic disparities, and advances in understanding its pathogenic mechanisms have improved diagnosis and treatment. Although the relationship between gastric cancer and macrophages has been extensively investigated, a systematic review integrating the entire clinical and biological continuum of gastric cancer, from epidemiology to management, with a focus on macrophages remains lacking. This review summarizes the epidemiology and multidimensional risk factors for gastric cancer, including infectious, dietary, genetic, microbiome, and metabolite-related factors. We describe the evolution of precancerous conditions, molecular alterations such as miRNA expression, and the bidirectional interactions between gastric cancer cells and macrophages that drive tumor progression within the tumor microenvironment. We also review clinical features, diagnostic approaches based on screening and endoscopy, and current management strategies, including surgery, systemic therapies, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, macrophage-targeted therapies, macrophage metabolic reprogramming, and recent preclinical and clinical advances. Overall, this review integrates evidence from epidemiology, molecular biology, immunology, and pathology to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding gastric cancer pathogenesis and current as well as emerging therapeutic strategies.
SN  - 2688-2663
ER  -