Anomalous Frequency Shift in Low-Loss Superconducting Granular Aluminum Resonators

Abstract

Superconducting high-kinetic inductance materials like granular aluminum (grAl) are a versatile part of the circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) toolbox, provided their losses at microwave frequencies are low enough. To further advance the use of grAl in quantum devices, it is indispensable to identify the dominant loss mechanisms. The standard approach pairs electromagnetic simulations of resonator geometry with measured temperature and power dependence of resonance frequency and loss rate. Most materials follow the phenomenological theory of two-level systems (TLSs) at low temperatures, resulting in an initial decrease of the resonance frequency with increasing temperature. In our work, we observe an opposite behavior at the lowest temperatures: The resonance frequency initially increases with both temperature and readout power, contradicting the standard TLS model predictions. We are able to explain a part of the data by an alternative mechanism associated with the effect of superconducting quasiparticles in a granular system with spatially-nonuniform gap. Yet, the observed change in the resonance frequency with temperature is not matched by a proportional change in the loss rate. We also observe anomalous positive frequency responses following high-energy events, characterized by several time scales. While anomalous behavior has been reported previously in grAl, the disagreement with standard models is particularly visible in our devices thanks to their exceptionally low loss rates.

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BibTeX RIS

BibTeX

@misc{winkel2026anomalous,
  title = {{Anomalous Frequency Shift in Low-Loss Superconducting Granular Aluminum Resonators}},
  author = {Patrick Winkel and Daniil S. Antonenko and Vishakha Gupta and Neel Thakur and Pavel Kurilovich and Luigi Frunzio and Leonid I. Glazman and Robert J. Schoelkopf},
  howpublished = {arXiv},
  year = {2026},
  month = aug,
  doi = {10.48550/arxiv.2608.29282},
  eprint = {2608.29282},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.29282},
}

RIS

TY  - UNPB
TI  - Anomalous Frequency Shift in Low-Loss Superconducting Granular Aluminum Resonators
AU  - Patrick Winkel
AU  - Daniil S. Antonenko
AU  - Vishakha Gupta
AU  - Neel Thakur
AU  - Pavel Kurilovich
AU  - Luigi Frunzio
AU  - Leonid I. Glazman
AU  - Robert J. Schoelkopf
PY  - 2026
DA  - 2026/08/29
PB  - arXiv
DO  - 10.48550/arxiv.2608.29282
UR  - https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.29282
AB  - Superconducting high-kinetic inductance materials like granular aluminum (grAl) are a versatile part of the circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) toolbox, provided their losses at microwave frequencies are low enough. To further advance the use of grAl in quantum devices, it is indispensable to identify the dominant loss mechanisms. The standard approach pairs electromagnetic simulations of resonator geometry with measured temperature and power dependence of resonance frequency and loss rate. Most materials follow the phenomenological theory of two-level systems (TLSs) at low temperatures, resulting in an initial decrease of the resonance frequency with increasing temperature. In our work, we observe an opposite behavior at the lowest temperatures: The resonance frequency initially increases with both temperature and readout power, contradicting the standard TLS model predictions. We are able to explain a part of the data by an alternative mechanism associated with the effect of superconducting quasiparticles in a granular system with spatially-nonuniform gap. Yet, the observed change in the resonance frequency with temperature is not matched by a proportional change in the loss rate. We also observe anomalous positive frequency responses following high-energy events, characterized by several time scales. While anomalous behavior has been reported previously in grAl, the disagreement with standard models is particularly visible in our devices thanks to their exceptionally low loss rates.
ER  -

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