An aquaglyceroporin governs cellular water and CO2 conductance relevant for vesicular mineral formation in a marine calcifier
4 affiliations
- 1Institute of Physiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel 24118, Germany
- 2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74101
- 3Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo N2L 3C5, Ontaria, Canada
- 4Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg R3T 2N2, Manitoba, Canada
Abstract
Many marine organisms generate biominerals by endocytotic uptake of seawater which is modified within calcifying cells to produce an amorphous mineral precursor required to form the mineralized shell or skeleton. In this process, water must be removed from the endocytotic vesicles and the cell to promote concentration of calcification substrates and production of a water-free mineral. Here, we demonstrate that in the sea urchin larva, an aquaglyceroporin (spAQP9) is involved in the cellular calcification process. spAQP9 is found exclusively in the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs), and spAQP9 expression is increased during mineralization underlining its role in skeleton formation. Heterologous expression of spAQP9 in Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that this channel conducts water and carbon dioxide. The water conductance by spAQP9 is sensitive to phloretin with an IC50 of ∼38 µM and treatment of larvae with phloretin or knock-down of spAQP9 impaired skeleton formation. Immunohistological analyses revealed localization of spAQP9 in vesicles with different subcellular distribution depending on the calcification activity of PMCs. Finally, we developed an in vivo assay to measure cellular and vesicular water permeability in PMCs and found a significant water permeability of the plasma membrane and membranes of calcium-rich vesicles. The results of this work highlight the importance of water transport mechanisms in the mineralization process. Here, aquaporins like spAQP9 represent key players that serve a dual function as a water and CO2 conductance pathway and thereby can support ion concentration and carbon transport, two processes that are of fundamental importance to promote intracellular mineral precursor formation.
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BibTeX
@article{matt2026aquaglyceroporin,
title = {{An aquaglyceroporin governs cellular water and CO2 conductance relevant for vesicular mineral formation in a marine calcifier}},
author = {Ann-Sophie Matt and Smilla Tetzlaff and Sima Jonusaite and Alex Quijada-Rodriguez and Marcus Schewe and Sönke Cordeiro and Dirk Weihrauch and Marian Y. Hu},
journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
year = {2026},
month = jun,
doi = {10.1073/pnas.2524614123},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524614123},
note = {CC BY-NC-ND 4.0},
}
RIS
TY - JOUR
TI - An aquaglyceroporin governs cellular water and CO2 conductance relevant for vesicular mineral formation in a marine calcifier
AU - Ann-Sophie Matt
AU - Smilla Tetzlaff
AU - Sima Jonusaite
AU - Alex Quijada-Rodriguez
AU - Marcus Schewe
AU - Sönke Cordeiro
AU - Dirk Weihrauch
AU - Marian Y. Hu
PY - 2026
DA - 2026/06/08
JO - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
DO - 10.1073/pnas.2524614123
UR - https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2524614123
AB - Many marine organisms generate biominerals by endocytotic uptake of seawater which is modified within calcifying cells to produce an amorphous mineral precursor required to form the mineralized shell or skeleton. In this process, water must be removed from the endocytotic vesicles and the cell to promote concentration of calcification substrates and production of a water-free mineral. Here, we demonstrate that in the sea urchin larva, an aquaglyceroporin (spAQP9) is involved in the cellular calcification process. spAQP9 is found exclusively in the calcifying primary mesenchyme cells (PMCs), and spAQP9 expression is increased during mineralization underlining its role in skeleton formation. Heterologous expression of spAQP9 in Xenopus laevis oocytes demonstrated that this channel conducts water and carbon dioxide. The water conductance by spAQP9 is sensitive to phloretin with an IC50 of ∼38 µM and treatment of larvae with phloretin or knock-down of spAQP9 impaired skeleton formation. Immunohistological analyses revealed localization of spAQP9 in vesicles with different subcellular distribution depending on the calcification activity of PMCs. Finally, we developed an in vivo assay to measure cellular and vesicular water permeability in PMCs and found a significant water permeability of the plasma membrane and membranes of calcium-rich vesicles. The results of this work highlight the importance of water transport mechanisms in the mineralization process. Here, aquaporins like spAQP9 represent key players that serve a dual function as a water and CO2 conductance pathway and thereby can support ion concentration and carbon transport, two processes that are of fundamental importance to promote intracellular mineral precursor formation.
SN - 0027-8424
SN - 1091-6490
ER -